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Camping and Camp Outfits. 

A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION 

FOR 

YOUNG AND OLD SPORTSMEN 

BY 

Gl^o/^jaiELDS, 

( COQUINA ) 

Author of "Cruisings in the Cascades/' "Rustlings in 
THE Rockies," "Hunting in the Great West," 
"The Battle op the Big Hole,"" Etc. 



This Book Contains also a Chapter by Dr. Charles Gilbert Davis on 
Camp Hygiene, Medicine, and Surgery; one by Col. J. Fry Law- 
rence on Camp Cookery; and one by Frank F. Frisbie on 
The DiAJdOND Hitch; or, How to Load a Pack-horse. 



chicago and new york 

Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers. 

1890. 




c^o"-" 



Copyright 1889, by G. O. Shields. 

Camping. 



CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER I. 

Clothing and Personal Equipment. — What to Wecar and 
What not to Wear in Camp — Wool, Canvas, Corduroy, and 
Buckskin Considered — All Wool for Underclothing — Foot- 
gear —Rubber Boots — Leather Boots — Felt Boots — Leather 
Shoes — Moccasins, and How to Make Them — Snow-shoes 
— Miuor Articles of Personal Equipment, _ . 9 

CHAPTER II. 

Bedding. — Blankets and Sleeping-bags — Folding Cots — A 
Light Portable Cot — Rubber Blankets — Canvas Tarpaulins 
— Empty Bed-ticks— How to Make a Bed of " Mountain 
Feathers," . 29 

CHAPTER III. 

Camp Equipage —The Wall Tent— The Sibley Tent— The 
Tepee Tent — Camp-stoves — An Inside Camp-tire — The Bel- 
knap Toaster — Folding Canvas Boats — Lap Streak Boats — 
Photographic Outfits — How to Select, Pack, and Carry 
Them— The Camera Trunk— The Pack-strap— The Field- 
glass — How to Make a Water-proof Match-box — An Eco- 
nomical Camp-kettle— The Wire Broiler, _ _ . 37 

CHAPTER IV. 
Camp Equipage (Continued). — The Dutch Oven — Coffee and 
Te I Pots — Other Cooking Utensils — Tools and IMaterials for 
Repairing — How to Make a Vise — Ax versus Hatchet, . 57 

CHAPTER V. 

Guns and Rifles. —Ammunition — Large versus Small Bores — 
Loaded Cartridges — Leave Reloading Tools at Home — 
Hunting-knife, Skinuing-knife, and Pocket-knife, . . 63 

CHAPTER VI. 
Fishing-tackle. — Rods — Reels — Flies — Bait — Hooks — 

Lines, Etc., . . . . . . 67 

CHAPTER VII. 

Horses and Their Equipment. — How to Choose a Horse 
for Hunting — Riding-saddles, and How to Choose Them — 
Picket-rope, Picket-pins, Etc. — The Gun-sling — Pack-sad- 
dles and Aparejos — How to Guard against Sore Backs, . 69 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Guides. — The Short-haired versus the Long-haired Species — 
How to Select a Guide — List of Names and Addresses of 
Good Guides, _ _ _ _ _ . 75 

(5) 



6 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IX. 
Food. — What to Buy and What not to Buy in This Line — 
Plain, Substantial Articles the Best — The Constituents of a 
Soldier's Ration — Dried versus Canned Fruits — Carry Plenty 
of Meat, . . ... . _ . ■ 79 

CHAPTER X. 

On Choosing a Camp-site. — Avoid the Water Route to Bed — 
High Ground Best— How to Escape a Prairie Wind — Look 
Out for Cloud-bursts in the Mountains — Make Sure of Good 
Horse-feed — How to Do without Wood and Water, _ 83 

CHAPTER XI. 
How TO Make Camps.— Log Cabins — The Open Front Shanty 
—The Bark or Brush Lean-to — How to Utilize Shelving 
Rocks and Wash-outs — How to Camp in Deep Snow, . 89 

CHAPTER XII. 
How TO Make a Camp-fire. — The Tenderfoot Style— The 
Old Woodsman's Style — Nessmuck's Pattern — How to 
Make a Cooking Fire — The Rustic Crane — How to Econo- 
mize in the Use of Fuel, . ... .93 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Getting Lost. — What to Do and What not to Do in Such a 
Case — How to Locate Yourself and Your Camp — The Sig- 
nal of Distress — How to Spend a Night Away from Camp, 99 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Don'ts.— Some Things That Should not be Done or Said, . 107 

CHAPTER XV. 
Check-lists. — Articles Constituting Complete Camp Out 
fits, _ _ . . . . . _ 111 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Camp Cookery. — How to Cook Meats, Fish, and Vegetables 
—How to Bake Bread— How to Make Tea and Coffee — 
Omelettes, Stews, Fritters, and Pastry — Substaotials and 
Delicacies, _ . _ . _ . 119 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Camp Hygiene, Medicine, and Surgery. — How to Preserve 
Health — How to Dress — How and What to Eat — Sleep and 
Exercise — Diseases and Remedies — Broken Bones, Wounds, 
Dislocations, Bruises, and Abrasions — What to Do till the 
Doctor Comes, _ _ . .... 135 

CHAPTER XVIIL 
The Diamond Hitch. — How to Select a Pack-animal — How 
to Clothe and How to Load Him— The Pack-saddle, and 
How to Make It — The Aparejo and the Pannier — Ropes, 
Blankets, Blinds, . . . ... 149 



PREFACE. 



This book contains practical points on how to 
dress for hunting, fishing, or other camping trips; 
what to provide in the way of bedding, tents, 
eatables, cooking-utensils, and all kinds of camp 
equipage; how to select camping-grounds; how to 
build camps, or shelters of various kinds; how to 
build camp-fires; what to do in case of getting 
lost; and on many other topics in connection with 
the subject of out-door life. 

The instructions given herein are based on 
twenty-five years' experience in camping and in 
the study of camp-lore and wood-craft, and it is 
hoped and believed that many of the hints given 
will prove of jiractical benefit to those whose 
opportunities in this direction have not been so 
favorable. 

Dr. C. Gr. Davis, who writes the chapter on 
"Camp Hygiene, Medicine, and Surgery,-' stands 
at the head of his profession in Chicago, and has 
had an extensive experience in camp-life, so that 
he is a high authority on these subjects. 

Col. J. Fry Lawrence is an old-timer in the 
woods, an expert camp cook and caterer, and no 
man living is better qualified to instruct men or 
boys in the delightful pastime of preparing the 
out- door meal than he. 

(7) 



8 PREFACE. 

Mr. F. F. Frisbie is a veteran mountaineer, and 
a careful study of liis article on " Packing," with 
a reasonable amount of x)ractice, will enable any 
intelligent man to put a load on a pack-horse so 
that it will stay all day, no matter how rough 
the trail. 

G. O. S. 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



CHAPTER I. 

CLOTHING AND PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 

The circumstances under which men have 
recourse to camp-life, even for short periods, 
and the localities in which they desire to camp, 
are so widely varied, that to treat the sub- 
ject exhaustively in a single volume will require 
a good deal of generalization, and possibly some 
repetition, for which I must beg the reader's 
indulgence at the start. Men were campers 
before they were house-dwellers; but, hemmed in 
by brick, stone, or wooden walls for generations 
past, their hand has forgotten its cunning in the 
matter of out-door home -making. Now, when 
they would dwell in tents or in brush houses, 
even for a time, they must unlearn that which 
their fathers have taught them and learn that 
which their forefathers knew. They must learn 
to deny themselves many of the luxuries of 
so-called civilized life, and to enjoy in their stead 
simpler conveniences and comforts, such as may be 
easily transported, or may be gleaned from the 
wilderness wherein the camp is to be pitched. 

Many persons think that to camp is to " rough 
it." This is not necessarily so. Camp-life may 
be, under favorable circumstances, the most 
pleasant and luxurious imaginable, and people 
are rapidly learning this. Every year sees large 

(9) 



10 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

additions to the army of tired mortals who flee 
from the rough-and-tiimble struggle for bread, 
and seek refuge in th« wilderness; who take up 
their abode for a season in tents in the woods, in 
the mountains, by the lake-side, or on the river 
bank. Men are rapidly learning that camp -life 
is not so rough that only they can endure it, but 
that it is so smooth, so calm, so restful, so luxuri- 
ous, that their wives and little ones can likewise 
endure it, nay, enjoy it, and they are invited to 
join the husband and father in his sylvan retreat. 
More people are learning every year that the 
fashionable summer resorts, where they must 
live in hotels or boarding-houses, hampered by 
strict rules of etiquette, and dressed in the height 
of fashion, are not the best places to rest, but that 
perfect rest can only be had in their own little 
tent, where they can feel free to wear what is most 
comfortable, to come and go when they will, to 
eat and sleep and wake as they will. They are 
learning that velvet carpets, richly ux^holstered 
furniture, cut-glass, and plate are not essential 
to happiness, but that perfect happiness and per- 
fect rest are found where there is least conven- 
tionality. Thus, I say, aje men, women, and 
children coming to love a camp in the country as 
a place to si)end their summer vacations; and 
more of them will learn it each year, as the world 
grows older and wiser. 

Then, besides those who camj^ merely for rest 
and recreation, or while pursuing some branch of 
sport, are the thousands who must depend on it, 
for at least a portion of the time, while pursuing 



CLOTHING AXD PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 11 

their regular vocations. Loggers, raftsmen, sur- 
veyors, cow-bo3S, prospectors, miners, timber es- 
timators, and many others are often led b}^ their 
work beyond the settlements— must live, for the 
time, in tents or temporary cabins, and on such 
food as can be carried with them or obtained in 
the wilderness. Many persons who for the first 
time enter upon camp-life, either from choice or 
from force of circumstiinces, wish for a teacher — 
for some good friend to direct them how best to 
adapt themselves to tlieir new surroundings, and 
to render available such supplies and equipments 
as they have at hand. 

An exx3erience of twenty-five years in camp-life, 
and in the study of camjD-lore, leads me to hope 
that I may be able to give such iDractical hints 
and instruction on this subject as may be valua- 
ble to all such; and with this object in view, these 
pages are written. 

Before camijing, comes the preioaration for 
camping. The first and most important question 
on this point is what to wear. To start with, let 
your maxim be, all loool. Not a thread of cotton 
should be worn, at least next to the skin, winter 
or summer, at home or abroad. I am aware that 
many i3ersons, who think they know, Avill disa- 
gree with me on this point; but most of these 
have not tried the Avoolen system long, or, if they 
have, have not tried it long enough to become 
accustomed to it. Many persons say tliey can 
not wear wool next the skin in summer, because 
it causes an itching that is unbearable ; but 
if they will exercise a reasonable amount of 



12 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

perseverance, and exert a creditable will-power, 
tliey will find that the skin soon becomes accus- 
tomed to the woolen garment; that the itching sub- 
sides; that the ensuing sensation is one of the 
most solid comfort imaginable. 

I have arrived at this conclusion after many 
years of exjDerience, during which I have hunted, 
fished, and camped from Canada to Texas, and 
from British Columbia to Florida, some of my 
outings, in various States and Territories, having 
been in mid-summer, others in mid-winter, others 
in spring, others in autumn. 

Within this time I have tried all the varieties 
of linen, cotton, silk, and jDine-bark underwear that 
I could find, and have settled down to wool as the 
only proper underclothing, for all countries and 
for all times of year; and in this conclusion I 
am sui3ported by most other men who have 
experimented thus widely. 

Nearly all thoroughly posted frontiersmen, 
army officers, professional fishermen and hunters, 
loggers, and the more thoughtful farmers, east, 
west, north, and south, now wear woolen under- 
clothing winter and summer. Even in India, 
directly under the equator, English army officers 
have adopted wool as the most comfortable 
material for underwear that they can find. 

It is cooler in summer, warmer in winter, and 
dries quicker when wet than cotton, linen, or silk. 
When wet it does not give that chilling sensation, 
when it touches the skin, that is felt from either 
of the other materials; and a man may get wet in 
it a dozen times, and suffer less from colds or 



clotiiinCt and personal equipment. 13 

rheumatism than if he gets wet once in cotton 
garments. Log-drivers, in the pineries, wear 
woolens exclusively, and are often in the water 
from morning till night, yet it is a rare thing for 
one of them to have a cold or a case of rheuma- 
tism. I have not worn a linen or a cotton shirt, 
at home or abroad, for years past, and I never 
knew how to enjoy hot weather until since I dis- 
carded those delusive garments. I have argued 
thus at length, on this point, because it is an 
important one, and because I want my friends to 
be comfortable and healthy. 

Select, then, for your summer outing, light- 
weight woolen underwear, including socks of the 
finest q^uality of wool, and outside shirts of 
heavier material, of any color you fancy. The 
modern yachting or tennis shirts are good for 
summer, but for hunting-trips, in autumn or win- 
ter, get heavy navy shirts. Both under and over 
shirts should be doubled on breast and back. For 
an autumn or winter trip, get heavy-weight under- 
wear. For a jaunt of ten days to two months, 
two suits of underwear, two outside shirts, and 
six pairs of socks are plenty. You can wash 
them, or have them washed, in camj), and there 
is no need of burdening yourself with more suits. 
The outside shirts should have wide collars, 
which, in chilly weather, may be turned up, and a 
scarf tied around the neck outside of them, add- 
ing greatly to the comfort of the wearer. A coat, 
pants, and vest of almost any woolen goods may 
be worn — an old cast-off business suit is just the 
thing; but plenty of pockets are essential, and 



14 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

it is well to have two large inside pockets made 
in the skirt of the coat, which will be found con- 
venient for carrying a lunch, a pair of dry socks, 
your reel, or other bulky property. Corduroy 
or velveteen suits are a delusion. They are 
nobby, but do not add to your comfort, and they 
subject you to the ridicule of the country bumx^s, 
especially if you fail to catch fish or kill game. 
A i^air of canvas overalls and a canvas blouse or 
hunting-coat are good, as a protection against 
brush and briers, and as an additional protection 
against rain and cold winds. Many sportsmen 
discard vests as useless, but most old-timers wear 
them for the pockets they contain, if for nothing 
else. These are useful for your watch, monej^, 
toothpicks, and various other small properties 
that can not well be carried in your coat or 
trousers ]Dockets. 

In summer a rubber coat should be carried, 
and in fall and winter a mackintosh is better. 
This goods consists of two sheets of light, firmJy 
woven woolen cloth, with a sheet of gum 
between, pressed together between heavy rollers, 
so that the gum is driven into the fiber of both 
sheets of cloth. It is absolutely water-x)roof 
and wind-proof ; is light, strong, and durable, 
and is neat enough to wear in the city as well 
as in the woods. For outing purposes, the coat 
should not be made with cape, but should have 
two large inside i^ockets. It should be made 
long enough to reach nearly to your heels. This 
will add to its value for riding, and then at night 
it will be found useful to spread down, either 



CLOTHING AND PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 15 

over or under your bed, as a protection against 
both cold and dampness. 

A heavy, bulky overcoat should not be taken 
on an outing, unless you are to travel by team in 
extremely cold weather. Under any other cir- 
cumstances, it is a useless burden. If the weather 
grows cold enough to require it, put on an extra 
flannel shirt. It will protect you from the cold 
as well as a twenty-pound overcoat, and is not so 
much in the way when not needed. In extremely 
cold weather you can wear two or three of these, 
if they are made large. The cow-boys designate 
different stages of cold as ''two-shirt weather," 
' ' three-shirt weather, ' ' etc. , but ' ' overcoat 
weather " is seldom heard of among them, even 
in North Dakota or Montana. If you are to sleep 
in blankets, a long flannel night-shirt, long 
enough to come below your feet, will add to your 
comfort; but if you are to use a sleeping-bag, 
this will not be needed, and will interfere with 
the freedom of your movements in turning over, 
etc. In either case, it is best to take off all your 
clothing at night but your undershirt and draw- 
ers. The old hunter's plan of sleeping in trousers, 
vest, and even coat, is not a good one. This sub- 
ject of bedding will be discussed in a subsequent 
chapter. 

About the best head-gear, for Avinter or summer, 
and for any climate on this continent, is a medium 
weight, light-colored felt hat, of good quality and 
with medium width brim; the styles known to the 
trade as the Sheridan or half planter being well 
adapted to the purpose. This withstands all 



16 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

kinds of weather, can be rolled up and stuck into 
a war-bag or valise, and is an adequate protection 
against rain or the rays of the sun. If you expect 
to encounter severe cold weather, carry a pair of 
ear-muffs. 

The broad -brimmed, heavy-weight cow-boy hat, 
of the exaggerated tyi)e, is not popular among 
modest men. 

For mid- winter work, a silk or worsted skull- 
cap should be carried along, and for winter work, 
in high northern latitudes, a thick knitted woolen 
cap, large enough to come well down over the ears 
and neck, is desirable; but never wear a fur cap for 
hunting, if you value your hair or your health. 
If you do, your head will ''get hot when you are 
walking, the perspiration will run down your neck, 
you will take off your cap to get relief, and will 
get a cold in your head that will last you a month. 

As to foot-gear, there is a great diversity of opin- 
ion among sportsmen. No boot or shoe has ever 
been made that was i^erfect in every particular for 
hunting and fishing. Rubber and leather are 
subject to objections under certain conditions. 
It may be generally said that no leather boot or 
shoe is suitable for walking in the woods in wet 
weather, in snow, or for wading. 

The so-called water-proof leather is not water- 
proof. It gets wet through in time; then when 
it dries it is hard. None of the so-called water- 
proofing mixtures will render leather absolutely 
water- proof. They will make it turn water for 
a time; but if you treat your boots with it, and 
then wade in them, or walk in wet snow or grass 



CLOTHING AND PERSONAL EQUIPMP:NT. 17 

for a long time, it will give way, and the leather 
will wet through. 

As good an article as any extant, for general use 
in fishing and hunting, aside from wading, is a 
medium weight leather wallving-shoe. It should 
be made to fit the foot, and have a broad, heavy 
sole and a low, broad heel. In this, one may 
walk comfortably all day. 

You may be compelled to wade a creek or 
swamp, and so get your feet wet occasionally, 
but if you wear thick woolen socks, this does not 
so much matter. You will not take cold, your 
feet will be more comfortable, and you less tired 
at night, than if you had worn a pair of heavy 
leather boots. 

For Avading, for walking in r^iny weather, or 
for hunting in snow, nothing better has yet 
been devised than the Hannaforcl ventilated 
hij) rubber boot, with rubber inside as well as 
outside — without felt or fiannel lining. If this 
gets wet inside, either from perspiration or from 
getting beyond your depth in water, take it off, 
X)our out the water, and in a few minutes it is dry 
inside, and your socks and trousers are not dyed 
red, green, or blue, as they would most likely 
be if the boot were lined with felt of either color. 

When the hip or upper portion of the leg of 
the boot is not needed, turn it down to the foot; 
then turn it, and bring the upper end uj) to the top 
of the stiff portion of the boot-leg. The lower 
edge of the fokl will now be midway between the 
knee and the foot. Give this two turns upward, 
and you have the surj)lus material neatly reefed 



18 OAMPINa AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

in just below the knee, where it will stay all day 
if desired, and give little trouble by catching on 
brush or other obstructions. 

Felt boots are a favorite with lumbermen for 
winter wear, and, with rubber shoes over them, 
make a comfortable foot-gear. The only objection 
to them for hunting is, that in this occupation, 
even in winter, one often has to cross open streams 
of water, and the felt boots are useless for wading. 

Rubber wading-trousers and wading-stockings 
are good in cases where there is little or no walk- 
ing to do on dry land; bnt if there b"^, they then 
make the wearer uncomfortable, because of the 
lack of ]3roper ventilation. After walking a few 
hundred yards in them, either in woods or 
through fields, in hot weather (and the weather is 
usually hot when men go troutiijg), you will 
become so hot that you will wish you had 
never seen them, and that you had worn simply a 
pair of rubber boots. If the depth of water be 
too great for these, I prefer to wear a x)air of old 
leather shoes, and to get wet; for if one be dressed 
wholly in woolen, as already recommended, there 
is usually little danger of any serious results from 
getting wet. 

For dry weather, and dry land, winter or sum- 
mer, in the woods, in the mountains, or on the 
X^lains, the most comfortable and serviceable of all 
foot-gear is a heavy buckskin moccasin. The 
white man has never been able to excel the native 
Indian in this one matter. The moccasin is the 
most natural, rational, perfect piece of foot-wear 
ever worn by human beings. Not even the old 



CLOTHINCJ}^ AND PERSONAL KQTTIPMENT. 19 

Greek sandal was so perfect, for it iirotected only 
the sole of the foot, while the moccasin protects 
the whole of it, and in so graceful and grateful a 
manner that any man who puts on a pair of them 
for the first time feels like calling down the bless- 
ings of heaven on the soul of the ancient red man, 
whoever he was, that invented them. 

When a man whose feet have been cased up in 
tight-fitting leather boots or shoes, with heavy, 
aAvkward, cumbersome soles, and unnatural and 
ungraceful heels on them, to obstruct his move- 
ments at every step, gets out into the woods, and 
puts on a pair of moccasins for the lirst time, he 
feels like the school-boy who has been shut up 
within brick walls for six months with his books, 
and is turned out on his uncle's farm for his sum- 
mer vacation; he feels like a race-horse that has 
been stabled through a long winter, and in the 
spring is turned out in a field of green clover; he 
feels like a bird-dog that has been housed up in 
his city kennel all summer, and, in the cool, 
bright autumn days, is turned loose in the coun- 
try among the quails or prairie chickens. When 
a man, I say, whose feet have been pinched and 
whose corns have been cultivated with leather 
boots or shoes for years, gets out and gets his 
first pair of moccasins on, he wants to run, leap, 
sing, dance, shout, whistle — he wants to do any- 
thing that will give vent to his joyous feelings. 
He would shake hands then with his worst enemy, 
if he were there, and slap him on the back; he 
would buy his wife a seal-skin sack; he would hug 
his grandmother. 



20 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

However, there are many sportsmen who 
imagine they would not like moccasins, and some 
few who have tried them and are sure they don't 
like them; but those who have worn them most 
like them best. For fall or winter hunting, they 
should be made large enough to admit of two 
pairs of socks being worn; and if rocks hurt the 
bottoms of your feet, put a pair of sole-leather 
insoles in your moccasins. If the cords in the 
calves of your legs get sore from walking, this 
is not the fault of the moccasins; it is the fault 
of the useless and unnatural high heels you 
have been wearing on your boots or shoes, and 
it will pass aAvay after a day or two. Then you 
will find that you can walk all day in moccasins, 
and be less tired at night than if you had walked 
two hours in any other foot-gear. You will find 
that you can move more quietly than in any 
other boot or slioe; that you suifer less from cold 
feet, and that the buckskin clings to rocks and 
logs better than rubber or leather. Even if you 
don't wear moccasins, you should have a j)air 
with you on every camping- trip, to i3ut on at 
night when you come in from your day's tramp. 
You will find them restful and refreshing — an 
excellent camp-slipper. Don't dei)end on buy- 
ing them from the Indians, or even of Indian 
make. The squaws have not the mechanical skill 
nor the appliances that white men have; and, 
though they can design moccasins, they can not 
make them properly. 

The accompanying diagram will enable any 
glovemaker or shoemaker to make moccasins, 



No. 



No. 1. 





No. 3. 



No. 4. 



(21) 



22 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

whether he has ever before done so or not. The 
feet should be made of the heaviest buckskin 
that can be obtained, or, better still, of elk or moose 
skin. The leg may be made of light buckskin, 
and should extend half-way to the knee. 

The seams should all be sewed by hand with 
heavy waxed-ends. After the moccasin is com- 
pleted, pierce the tongue, well down on the instep, 
and pass a buckskin lace, three feet in length, 
half-way through the tongue, in the same manner 
as you would begin to lace up a shoe; then pass 
the right-hand end of the lace through a hole in 
the left-hand flap of the leg, at the loAver edge 
and well back toward the side of the ankle. Now 
take the left-hand end of the lace and pass it 
through a hole in the right-hand flap, in a posi- 
tion directly opposite to that on the left side. 
Now wrap the leg of the moccasin tightly around 
your ankle, outside of your trousers-leg, and tak- 
ing an end of the lace in either hand, proceed to 
wrap it back and forth around your leg, crossing 
the two ends alternately in front and behind, each 
wrap rising above the other, until you reach the 
top of the moccasin-leg. Now tie your laces, and 
poke the ends down inside the moccasin- leg, and 
your feet are dressed for an all-day's tramp. 

If you wear leather shoes, you will need, in 
addition, for walking in the woods, or even in open 
country, a pair of leggings. I have never seen a 
pair of these in any store that I liked, and so 
devised an improvement on existing styles. My 
brother sportsmen are welcome to the scheme, if 
any of them wish to use it. I bought a pair of 



CLOTHING AND PERSONAL P:QUIPMENT. 23 

ordinary brown canvas leggings, that were made 
to buckle on the inside. I cut off the straps and 
buckles, and sewed on, at one side of the opening, 
a liax3 liali' an inch wide, in such a position that 
when the legging was wrapped tightly around my 
leg, one edge overlapping the other about two 
inches, this liap would nearly meet the outer edge. 
Then I i)ut eyelets in this flap and in the opposite 
edge of the legging. Now I take two long shoe- 
laces, splice them, and lace up the legging as I 
would a shoe, and have a leg-gear that flts, sets 
easy, that has no hooks or buckles to catch in 
brush or grass, and which consequently saves much 
of the mental strain that is inflicted on the wearer 
by any of the other styles in the market. 

Buckskin gloves are about the best for all-round 
work, except for wet weather, when a iDair of rub- 
ber gloves will add greatly to your comfort. For 
hunting in extremely cold weather, a heavy, loom 
yarn mitten that you can pull on over your buck- 
skin glove is invaluable. Fur gloves or mittens 
are not recommended, except for the Arctic 
regions, as they cause the hands to perspire, and 
then, when it becomes necessary to take them off, 
even for a minute, the hands are liable to freeze. 

Snow-shoes are necessary for winter hunting, 
either in the north woods or the mountains. Those 
made by weaving rawhide thongs on a wooden 
bow are best. They can usually be bought in the 
settlement or to^vn near where you are to enter 
the hunting country. 

Much that I have said as to the proper outing- 
dress of men, will apply with equal force to that 



24 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

of ladies. Such portion of it as does not, they 
have, of course^ skipi^ed. Let me advise tliem, 
also, to adojDt the woolen scheme throughout. 
The dress should be of dark flannel, and should 
fit loosely at the Avaist. 

No lady should ever wear a corset into camp. 
They are bad enough at home; leave them off 
when you go out for a rest. In fact, they are 
doomed to go out of style shortly, even as bustles 
have lately gone. Women are becoming too prac- 
tical to much longer tolerate such an impractical, 
nonsensical piece of furniture as a corset. A 
pretty girl, clad in a loose-litting, comfortable 
lawn-tennis suit looks sweet enough to hug, but 
laced up in a corset and a tight- waisted dress, she 
is only pretty enough to feel sorry for. 

Leave your tight-fitting, high-heeled shoes at 
home, too. Get a pair of coarse, loose-fitting, 
low-heeled shoes, and, if you intend to do much 
walking in wet weather, a pair of knee rubber 
boots. If the children are to go along, dress 
them on this same i)ractical, common-sense plan, 
and all will be well. 

And now that you have made up your list of 
wearing apparel, you want something in which 
to carry that part of it that you do not put on at 
the start. The simj)lest, and one of the most serv- 
iceable, articles for this purpose is an ordinary 
seamless grain-bag. It costs 25 cents, and is more 
popular among loggers, freighters, cow-boys, 
miners, and other professional rustlers, than any 
other ''trunk" in the market. In such circles, 
it is universall}^ known as a '-war-bag." Into it 



OLOTIIIT^G AKD PERSONAL EQII1J\\IENT. '25 

go boots, slioes, clothing, grab, rope, tools, or 
anything that can not be readily placed or carried 
somewhere else. It is always ready, and there is 
always room in it for something else. The only 
objection to it is, that the thing you want to get 
out is always at the bottom of it; but it is the 
work of only a minute or two to dump the whole 
blooming outfit on the earth, get w^hat you want, 
and stow the rest away again. You can jam the 
war-bag into the bow of a boat or a stray corner 
of a wagon-box, or stow it on top of a high load, 
where a valise or trunk would not ride half so 
safely, and can knock it about at will with no 
danger of injuring it. Train baggagemen may 
lire it from one end of a car to the other, or from 
the car to the other side of the station i^latform, 
in vain. It is i)roof against their heathenish 
instincts of destruction, and they invariably sigh 
when they see it coming, because they know they 
can't "bust" it. You can cinch it onto a cayuse 
or a mule, tight enough to ride all day, without 
smashing it; and it stands jamming against trees, 
where a valise or trunk would soon come to 
grief. You can have the bag made by a tent- 
maker if you wish, of heavy duck-canvas; and 
a coat of water-i^roof paint will add to its good 
qualities. 

There is a "sportsman's clothing-bag," made 
of rubber or mackintosh, that is thoroughly 
water-proof. It is an excellent thing in case your 
outfit is caught out in the rain, or in case your 
boat capsizes when your worldly effects are on 
board. 



26 CAMPING AT^D CAMP OUTFITS. 

If, however, you are to travel all the way by 
rail or team, and especially if your wife is to 
accompany you, it may be as well to have a trunk; 
but this should be as small as will possibly hold 
your w^ardrobe and small accoutrements; should 
be covered with sole-leather or rawhide, and should 
be well ironed. A small, flat trunk may be carried 
on a pack-animal, but it is a cruelty to the x>oor 
brute to put such a thing on him, and is a source 
of constant anxiety and annoyance to its owner 
and to the ]3acker. 

A valuable toilet-case is made of two pieces of 
drilling thirty- six inches long, one nine inches 
wide, the other eighteen. The wider one is cut 
square at one end, and tapered to a point at the 
other. The narrow strip is now laid through the 
center of the wide one, sewed across each end and 
along one edge, being held full, so as to shorten it 
to the length of the wide part of the larger strip. 
Now divide the space into a series of pockets, 
varying in width from one to six inches, by run- 
ning seams through both thicknesses of the cloth. 
Now attach a yard of tape to the pointed end of 
the outer strip of cloth, bind or hem the exposed 
edges of the goods, and you have a catch-all in 
wliich you may carry your soap, towel, comb, hair- 
brush, tooth-brush, needles, thread, bachelor but- 
tons, and various other small articles that would 
get lost anywhere else. 

If going into the woods or mountains in summer, 
you will require a lotion to keep off mosquitoes 
and flies. Many prei^arations are sold for this 
purpose, all of which have more or less merit; but 



CLOTH IlS^a AND PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 27 

the objection to them is that they evaporate 
rajiidly, and liave to be renewed every half-hour. 
I have tried nearly all of them; bat the best prep- 
aration I have ever found for the purpose is made 
as follows: To three ounces of pine tar add two 
ounces of castor-oil and one ounce of oil of penny- 
royal. This mixture has a good body, an odor 
like that of a tan-yard, and can be relied on to cure 
any case of mosquitoes this side of New Jersey. 
One good thorough application of it will usually 
last three or four hours, and when it gets so thin that 
the birds begin to bite through it, the victim must 
paint himself again. It is a heroic kind of treat- 
ment — that is, it takes a hero to endure it — but is 
not half so bad as the mosquitoes, and if you are 
having plenty of fun, or think you are going to 
have plenty of it this afternoon or to-morrow, you 
soon forget all about the smell. The muzzles that 
are made of mosquito-netting, and intended to be 
worn over your head, are a failure. I have tried 
them, and I unanimously pronounce them a failure. 
'Several times, while wearing one, I w^anted to 
spit, and forgot that I was muzzled until I had 
gotten myself in a most uncomfortable predica- 
ment. When I wanted to eat or drink I had to take 
the dingus off, and then the mosquitoes crawled 
down my spine and chewed me. Finally, wiiile 
wading a trout-stream, an overhanging limb 
caught it, tore it off, and flipped it over into 
Wyoming. Then I took out the bottle of tar and 
painted myself, and I have indulged in that luxury 
ever since when bucking against mosquitoes or 
any of their relatives. 



CHAPTER II. 

BEDDING. 

Too miicli care can not be given to the subject 
of bedding. Next to that of a good suit of cloth- 
ing, it is tlie most important part of a camp out- 
fit; and yet there are hundreds of sportsmen 
who do not appreciate this fact. Besides, they 
like to affect the ways of the native, and show 
their companions that they can rough it in true 
aboriginal style. This is all well enough in spirit, 
and, if you go into the woods or mountains on a 
long jaunt, you will have plenty of opportunities 
to show your mettle in more worthy and less 
injurious ways than by sleeping on the hard 
ground with insufficient bedding. 

We frequently see old-timers, in the Far West, 
miners, hunters, cow-boys, etc., go on the trail 
with only half the bedding they need, simply 
because they are too lazy to provide or to carry a 
full supply; but this short-sighted course is sure to 
tell on them in the end. 

As I have before had occasion to say, I would 
rather get into a good, warm, dry, soft bed at 
night, without my supper, than sit at a feast, and 
then sleep on the hard ground, without covering 
enough to keep me warm. After a hard day's 
work, tramping, rowing, or whatever it may be, 
a good bed is absolutely necessary to prepare one 



30- CAMPING AXD CAMP OTTTFITS. 

for the labor and fatigue of the following day. 
Any able-bodied man may endure a few nights of 
cold, comfortless sleep, but it will tell on him 
sooner or later; while, if he sleep soundly, and 
eat heartily, he may endure an incredible 
amount of labor, and hardship of other kinds. 
You may tramp all day w ith your feet w^et, all 
your clothing wet, if need be, wdthout injury to 
yourself, but be sure you crawl into a good, 
warm, soft, dry bed at night. Your old-timer, 
white or red, who takes one blanket, his rifle, a 
bag of crackers, and a little salt, goes into the 
w^oods or mountains and subsists for days, wrecks, 
or months on Nature's resources, is proverbially 
a short-lived man. He looks and feels older than 
he is; his age is racked with rheumatic pains, and 
he dies twenty years sooner than he would have 
done had he taken cai'e of himself. 

Blankets are the staj^le article of camp-bedding, 
and you should never go into camp wdth less than 
two i)airs of good heavy ones to each man, no 
matter where you go or at what time of year. If 
you go late in the fall, take three pairs; if in the 
winter, increase the number to four. 

But the boss camp-bed for all times and all 
climes, after all tramps and all climbs, esj)ecially 
if you are to sleej) alone, is a sleej)ing-bag. I have 
used one of these for many years, in all my out- 
ings, and have learned to prize it so highly that 
I would as soon think of going to the woods with- 
out my rifle or rod as without my sleeping-bag. 

The following description, copied from my 
''Crnisings in the Cascades," is reprinted here 



BEDDING. 



31 



for the benefit of those who may not have seen it 
there: 

" The outer bag is made oi heavy, brown, water- 
proof canvas, six feet long, three feet wide in the 
center, tapered to two feet at the head and six- 
teen inches at the foot. Above the head of the 
bag proi)er, flaps project a foot farther, with 
which the occupant's head may be comi^letely 
covered, if desired. These are provided with 
buttons and button-holes, so that they may be 
buttoned clear across, for stormy or very cold 





Sleeping-bag, 

weather. The bag is left oj)en, from the head 
down one edge, two feet, and a flap is jjrovided 
to lap over this opening. Buttons are sewed on 
the bag, and there are button-holes in the flaps, so 
it may also be buttoned uj) tightly. Inside of 
this canvas bag is another of the same size and 
shape, less the head-flaps. This is made of lamb- 
skin with the wool on, and is lined with ordinary 
sheeting, to keep the wool from coming in direct 
contact with the person or clothing. One or more 
pairs of blankets may be folded and inserted in 
this, as may be necessary, for any temperature in 



32 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

which it is to be used; and with one good heavy 
blanket so inserted, the whole business weighs 
but eighteen x^ounds. 

''If the weather is warm, so that not all this 
covering is needed over the sleeper, he may shift 
it to suit the weather and his taste, crawling in 
on top of as much of it as he may wish; and the 
less he has over him the more he will have under 
him, and the softer will be his bed. Besides being 
water-proof, the canvas is wind-proof, and one can 
button himself up in this house, leaving only an 
air-hole at the end of his nose, and sleep as 
soundly, and almost as comfortably, in a snow- 
drift on the prairie as in a tent or house. In 
short, he may be absolutely at home, and comfort- 
able, wherever night finds him, and no matter 
what horrid nightmares he may have, he can not 
roll out of bed or kick off the covers. 

"Nor will he catch a draft of cold air along the 
north edge of his spine every time he turns over, 
as he is liable to do when sleeping in blankets. 
'NoY will his feet crawl out from under the cover 
and catch chilblains, as they are liable to do in 
the old-fashioned way. In fact, this sleeping-bag 
is one of the greatest luxuries I ever took into 
cami3, and if any brother sportsman wants one, 
and can not find an architect in his neighborhood 
capable of building it, let him write me, and I will 
tell him where mine was made. ' ' 

Good cot beds are now made for camp use that 
fold up into a small package, are light, but strong 
and durable. One of the best I have ever seen is 
that made by E. B. Lang, of Racine, Wis. I dis- 



BEDDING. 33 

like to indulge in free advertising, but deem it 
my duty to state, in such a work as this, where 
desirable articles may be had. The cot in ques- 
tion measures, when set up, 6 feet 2 inches by 2 
feet 4 inches, and folds into a x)ackage 4x5 inches 
by 3 feet long. It weighs fourteen pounds. Mr. 
Lang also makes folding cam]3-chairs and tables 
that are desirable when it is possible to carry such 
articles of furniture. 

A good camp-cot may also be made in this way: 
Take a lAece of good, heavy duck-canvas, about 
six inches longer than yourself and forty inches 
wide; run a hem six inches wide along either 
side, double seaming it on a machine with the 
heaviest thread it will carry. Then, when you get 
into camp, take two poles about three inches in 
diameter and a foot longer than your canvas; run 
them through the hems or loops, and lay the ends 
in four good strong forks, driven in the ground 
for the puri^ose. Or you may lay them on two 
logs, and brace them apart with two other poles 
cut to the i^roper length to stretch your canvas 
tightly. Now sj)read your blankets or your 
sleeping-bag on this. Your side-T)oles will spring 
with your weight, and you will have a bed that, 
after a hard day' s tramp, you will enjoy more than 
you do your hair mattress and woven wire sj^ring- 
bed at home. If you have j)lenty of transporta- 
tion, and do not take a canvas cot, take a cotton 
or wool mattress along. It need not be more than 
two feet wide and three inches thick. The weight 
is insignificant; the only question is that of room, 
and it will add greatly to your comfort. 

. 3 



34 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

If you have not room for a mattress, an empty 
bed-tick is a good thing to take along. It only 
weighs a couple of pounds, and you will often 
find opportunities to fill it with straw, hay, or 
even with green grass, weeds, or "browse," any of 
which makes a better bed than mother earth. One 
way to provide for a warm sleep, on an extremely 
cold night, is to build a big log fire, let it burn 
several hours, then pull it away and make your bed 
where the fire was. The earth is thoroughly heated, 
and by covering up the site and preventing, in a 
measure at least, the escape of the heat, it will 
keep hot all night, and you sleex) as warm as if in 
a feather bed at home. 

A good soft pillow is also essential to a sound 
nighf s sleep. It costs but a trifle, weighs about 
the same, and takes up but little room. It may 
be loaded with either curled hair or feathers, the 
latter being generally preferable. If you are trav- 
eling with a small pack-train, where every inch 
of room and every ounce of weight must be 
counted, a good substitute for a civilized i^illow 
is made by placing a couple of your extra suits of 
underwear or a couple of your outside woolen 
shirts in a flour-sack. They should be folded 
carefully, and laid in smooth, so as to contain no 
lumps or wrinkles, and in this way make a 
fair pillow for a tired man. When it becomes 
necessary to wear them, you wash j^our others, 
and put them in the bag in place of those you 
have taken out. The rubber air-pillow is not 
recommended. True, it is not so bulky as a 
feather pillow, but is fully as heavy, and is not 



• BEDDING. 35 

80 comfortable to sleep on. I have tried pretty 
much everything in the way of camp furniture, 
for a pillow, from a postage-stamp to a bag of 
rocks, but there is nothing in the whole list that 
equals a good soft wad of "goose hair." 

A rubber blanket is a good thing to si3read on 
the ground, under your bed, if you sleep on the 
ground, or to spread over your canvas cot, if you 
have one. It x)re vents dampness or cold from 
coming from the ground into your bedding. It 
will also be useful to roll your bedding in while 
traveling, to protect it from rain or dust. 

Two or three sheets of water-proof canvas, four 
feet wide and eight feet long, are useful in camp 
in various ways. One of them should be sx)read 
over your bed. It is a good protection against 
cold winds and against rain, if you have to camp 
without a tent, as is sometimes necessary. Others 
are useful for covering up saddles and other prop- 
erty in cam]3, and to spread over the x:>acks while 
traveling. 

For winter camping, in cold climates, a buffalo- 
robe is useful, but under any other circumstances 
is an unnecessary incumbrance. 

If you have not a canvas cot or a mattress, 
always procure pine, hemlock, lir, or cedar 
boughs for a foundation for your bed, if in a 
country where they can be had; if not, then 
brush of almost any kind is better than the hard 
ground. If these can not be had, get hay, straw, 
rushes, grass, or weeds — anything that will have 
some elasticity and relieve the solid monotony of 
mother earth. Remember that a sood bed makes 



36 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

a short night, and vice versa. You had better 
work till 10 o'clock making your bed than turn 
into a hard one at dark, and then groan with 
tired hip- joints from midnight till daylight. 

Some hunters condemn boughs as useless, and 
say they soon pack and become as hard as the 
ground itself. 

This is because they don't put down enough of 
them. I always lay them from a foot to two feet 
deep, and am careful to have no large limbs 
among them. In this way I have a bed that will 
give with every movement of my body, and that 
remains soft all night, or a dozen nights in suc- 
cession. 

Never sleej) with your head covered, no matter 
what kind of a bed you have. 

For summer camping, a hammock is a great 
luxury, and, if there are ladies or children in the 
X)arty, it is almost a necessity. It is only good to 
lounge in, however, not to sleej) in, though it is 
used for this i^urpose in hot countries, where 
snakes and poisonous insects abound. For light 
traveling in our northern and western fish and 
game regions, it is not essential. 



CHAPTER III. 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 



The first and most important article in this line 
to be considered in planning an outing, is the 
tent. The size and style of this must be gov- 
erned, in a great measure, by the number of per- 
sons to occupy it, and the kind and quantity of 
transportation with which the party is to be pro- 
vided. 

Tf four men are going together, and have 
a wagon, a large boat, and no portages to make, 
or if they are to travel with packs, and have 
plenty of them, then a wall-tent, 8x10 or 8x12 
feet, may be taken. In making up for the pack 
or boat outfit, the tent-poles should be jointed, 
the various joints to be not more than three feet 
long. This is done by means of wrouglit-iron 
strap hinges on one side, and two staples or strap- 
iron loops, one above and one below the cut, on 
the opposite side from the hinge, with a half- 
inch round iron i3in to pass from one to the other. 

For a larger party, of course a larger tent is 
necessary, and when it is possible to carry it, 
a Sibley tent, such as is now used by the United 
States army, is an excellent thing. 

But better than either is a round tent, after the 
style of the Indian tepee. Mine is eight feet in 
diameter on the ground, and eight feet high, 

(37) 



88 CAMPING AKD CAMP OUTFITS. 

tapered to nearly a point at the top, and having 
an opening tliere eighteen inches in diameter. 
One of the seams is split from the ground four 
feet up, has flaps on either side, and strings 
attached with which to lace it up; this forms the 
door. It has loops at intervals of two feet all 
round the ground-line, and a half-inch rope is 
rove into the edge of the canvas round top open- 
ing. It is made of a light-weight, firmly woven 
drilling, weighs only eight pounds, and affords 
amx)le sleeping-room for two men, and storage- 
room for all their baggage. It is mounted on four 
or six poles (the latter number is best) ten feet 
long, which are cut wherever night overtakes us. 
These are tied together six inches from the top 
ends, the ends slipped through the top opening 
of the tent; they are then set up, and the butt- 
ends spread so as to form a perfect square if there 
be but four poles, or a hexagon if there be six. 
The tent is now pinned down tightly, and is ready 
to live in. Jointed j)oles, or even solid ones, may 
also be carried for this if traveling in a prairie 
country, but if in the mountains or any timbered 
country, it is the work of but a few minutes to 
cut them; and this plan saves the carrying of 
twenty-five to fifty pounds dead weight. This 
style of tent may be made of almost any desired 
size, up to a capacity of eight or ten men. I have 
seen them in Indian camps fourteen or fifteen 
feet in diameter, of the same height, sheltering 
two or three good-sized families. The strong 
point in favor of this style of tent is that you can 
make a fire in it. 



40 cam:^i]^g akd cam? outfits. 

Mr. Orin Belknap, better known to readers of 
the sportsmen's papers as "Uncle Fuller," thus 
describes a tent, and the manner of heating it, 
devised by him: "^ 

"It is circular, eight feet in diameter, and not 
over eight feet high. The v^alls rise perpendicu- 
larly for three feet (one breadth of the eight-ounce 
canvas), and slope up from these to the wooden 
hoop, two feet in diameter, at the top. The hoop 
is upheld by three ropes, each about two feet 
long, fastened equi-distant round the hoop. 
These ropes join at the top, and a single rope 
runs from them up to the point of intersection of 
the pole tripod which uj)holds the whole affair. 

" The plan for keexjing an open fire in an eight- 
foot tent, scarcely higher than one's head, was 
the difficult nut to crack, and not until many 
nights and mornings of suffering in the intense 
cold had sharjjened my dull wits did I hit upon 
the following successful plan: 

"A trench, six inches wide and deep, was dug 
in a straight line through the center of the tent, 
with the ends opening on the outside of the tent. 
A cross-trench, of the same size, was dug in the 
center of the tent, two feet long. Short pieces of 
boards (or bark) were used to cover the trench on 
either side of the center, leaving the main and 
cross-trenches open in the center for a space of 
about two feet. Over the intersection of these 



* He had modestly given it the name of a certain well-known 
cooking-ran, £?e, but deeming it only proper that he should be so 
honored, I have taken the liberty of rechristening it the " Belknap 
Toaster." 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 41 

trenches a raised platform, eigliteen inclies square, 
was built by laying two split sticks of green wood, 
four inches in diameter, across the short trench, 
one on each side of the long trench, and on this 
a j)iece of heavy sheet-iron, eigliteen inches 
square, was laid, and the thing was done. 

"The theory was that the fire, built of small 
sticks on the top of the sheet-iron, must, of course, 
have air. The tent being closed tightly (the 
tighter the better), fresh air to supply draft for 
the fire must come through the long trench, wliose 
open ends extended outside the tent. As the fire 
was raised four inches above the top of the trench, 
of course the current of air coming into the fire 
was deflected upward before reaching it. This 
current of air, on four sides of the fire, sent the 
smoke up the 'cat-hole' in the roof 'jest a 
flukin'. The air was closely confined in the 
trench until reaching the fire, and consequently 
chilled no one. Just such quantity as the fire 
required came, and no more. Talk about comfort! 

' 'The evening i3assed mid scenes of jollity. Songs 
and stories were exchanged by the crackling and 
blazing fire till a late hour, when the hunters 
retired, and slept like babies. Morning found them 
wrapped in their blankets, with the icy breath 
covering the north end of them with frost. Did 
the fireman crawl out in the cold and monkey 
with the remains of a deceased camp-fire in front 
of his tent^ Not muchly I The shavings, the 
splinters, and the dry bark lay by his side, and 
striking a match under cover, he exposed just one 
arm in placing the kindlings on the range, and 



42 CAMPIIS^G A]VD CAMP OUTFITS. 

touching tliem off, in two short minutes thereafter 
he sat up in his dude night-shirt (tlie same one 
he wore yesterday after deer), and hove a double- 
barreled sigh for the poor stiffs, named Dennis, 
who never heard of this novel range." 

The Avhole affair has been made with an ax. Of 
course the door of the tent is small, and we crawl 
into it on our knees, and remain seated wdiile 
inside, to be below the smoke; but in that magic 
circle mirth and jollity reigned supreme, and I 
verily believe that no other j^iece of canvas of its 
size ever covered near so much square fun as w^as 
crovfded into that old tepee. 

"Well, the years speed on, and we're growing gray, 
Yet many a time, ere we pass away. 
May we liope to meet in that mountain cloister, 
And the peace-pipe smoke round the Belknap Toaster." 

The poles for this tent may be made of large 
sticks of bamboo, jointed as fishing-rods are 
jointed. Each pole should be fifteen feet long, 
and cut into ^ve pieces. A big, roaring, ox^en 
camp-fire is a necessary concomitant of a jolly 
camp in fair weather; but there are times when 
such a fire can not be maintained, owing to scarc- 
ity of fuel or wet weather, and there are other 
times when you can not stand round it comfort- 
ably, even if it do burn. I mean when it rains, or 
when the temperature is so low that your back 
chills while your face burns, and for such times 
you need a fire inside your tent. It is one of 
the most enjoyable features of camp-life, when, 
after a day' s tramp in the rain or snow, when your 
clothing is wet, and when the weather is perhaps 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 43 

still stormy, you can build a snug, clieerf nl Hre in 
the center of your tepee, liang your wet gar- 
ments on ropes about you, stretch out on your 
blankets, and watch the lire burn and the blue 
smoke curl out through the chimney into the black 
night. 

Many a night, before you had the tepee, you 
have stood about an outside fire that struggled 
heroically for existence, a soaking rain threaten- 
ing every minute to drown it; when you have 
trudged from side to side of tlie fire to get out of 
the smoke, vainly trying to dry your clothing, and 
the rain wetting it as fast as the fire dried it. At 
such times, would you have welcomed a round 
tent with a hole in the top, that you might builcf 
a fire within and be sheltered from the driving 
rain, or the nipping frost? 

I have been asked if the rain did not come in 
through the hole in the top of the tent so as to drown 
the fire and wet the inmates. I have weathered 
some heavy rain and snow storms in mine, but 
have never suffered any inconvenience from this 
source. However, to obviate any such possibility, 
a small piece of canvas may be carried along, 
spread over the tops of the tent-poles, and tied fast, 
so as to effectually shelter the chimney without 
obstructing its draft. Your tent, of whatever pat- 
tern, should be securely guyed by ropes leading 
from the top to distant points in various directions, 
as a precaution against wind-storms. It should 
be pitched on slightly sloping ground, and a trench 
dug along the upper edge of it, to prevent the water 
from running under and wetting your bedding. 



44 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFIT'S. 

Pass a rope across your tent near tlie top, on 
which to hang your clothes when you go to bed. 
If the poles are on the outside, this may be pro 
vided for by sewing loops on the inside of the tent. 
If a wall-tent be used, then a sheet-iron stove 
should be carried along. There are several camp- 
stoves in the market, one, at least, intended solely 
for heating, and others for heating and cooking. 
Any tinner can make a good camp heating-stove. 
The best ]3attern is simply a cone with the i^ipe- 
collar on the smaller end. The mouth sets on the 
ground, and near it is a hinged door, about six 
inches wide by eight inches high. Four joints of 
pipe should be taken along, and these are made to 
telescope, so that when packed they are but little 
longer than one joint would be. This is known as 
the Sibley stove, and I believe is patented, but any- 
one may make, or have made, a single patented 
article for his own use without infringing the 
patent. The stove may be made of any desired 
size, but one of about eighteen inches in diameter 
at the mouth and eighteen inches high will, if 
well fed w^ith good dry w^ood, heat a tent twenty 
feet square comfortably when the mercury is 20*^ 
below zero. Camp cook-stoves are made either 
stationary or to fold, but the former pattern is, on 
the whole, most desirable. 

The size should of course be regulated by the 
size of the party to use it; but, by economical use, 
a stove 12 inches high, 16 inches wide, and 26 
inches long will furnish cooking capacity for six 
men. 

Little sjDace need be wasted by the stove, for 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 45 

in packing for transit you can fill both the oven 
and fire-box with tinware and cooking-utensils. 
The stove should be packed in a strong box or 
trunk, made for the purpose, with metal corner- 
pieces, handles, and lock. It can then be checked 
on railroads as other baggage, and may be packed 
on a pack-animal or hauled in a wagon, over any 
kind of road, without injury. 

An important part of almost any camp outfit is a 
boat. If the chief object of the exx)edition is fish- 
ing or duck-shooting, or if for any reason a large 
portion of the outing is to be sx)ent on the water, 
then this item would be one of the first to be con- 
sidered. If, however, the trij) be in search of 
large game, there is scarcely any section of the 
country, likely to be visited, in which a boat is 
not occasionally needed. 

Lakes or streams are liable to be encountered 
where a boat would be a most welcome accessory 
for fishing, exploring, or for reaching desirable 
hunting-grounds. Canvas folding boats are now 
made so serviceable that I should never start on 
a hunting-trii3, in any country where I exx)ected 
to find much water, without one in my outfit. For 
several years after the introduction of these, I 
regarded them with a good deal of suspicion, but 
later investigated them thoroughly, and found 
them perfectly safe and reliable, if j)roperly han- 
dled. Two years ago, when starting on a long 
exploring and hunting ex2;)edition in the Rocky 
Mountains, I bought an Osgood canvas boat, and 
took it with me. It is only 12 feet long, 3 feet 
beam, weighs when light-rigged but 28 pounds; 



46 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

folds into a package 16 inches in diameter, 3 feet 
long, and is capable of carrying 600 pounds. I 
carried it hundreds of miles on a pack-mule, and 
found it an invaluable aid in our work. We 
explored lakes and rivers with it that must have 
remained unknown to us had we not had a boat, 
and by means of it we caught many a mess of 
mountain trout in lakes where, without it, we 
could not have caught one. We crossed several 
large streams in it, and thus reached good hunt- 
ing-grounds that we could not have reached other- 
wise. I made one cruise of twenty miles in it, on 
Clark' s Fork of the Columbia, avoiding a ride, or 
rather a tramp, of a longer distance over a bad 
trail and through densely timbered, swampy 
country. 

A x>hotograph camera is another essential ele- 
ment of the x^leasure of an outing, of almost any 
kind, and in almost any country. It is a luxury 
rather than a necessity, and yet it can not be dis- 
13ensed with without sacrificing a large portion of 
the possible benefit of the trip. In the selection 
of this instrument, the sportsman must consider 
his own tastes, his bank account, and the ques- 
tion of transi^ortation. A tripod camera, that will 
make a 5 x 7 picture, and fitted with a $25 rapid 
hemi8X)herical lens, is desirable, but is both bulky 
and expensive. 

A good camera, making a 4 x 5 picture, fitted with 
a $15 lens, is sufiicient for recording all the choice 
bits of scenery, views of the cami)s, fish, and game, 
and for making portraits of the party, in a manner 
to add a hundred-fold to the pleasure of the 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 47 

trip. This size of camera may be provided with a 
tri^Dod, but a much better style is the detective 
camera. In this the troublesome tripod and 
focusing- cloth are dispensed witli, and 50 per 
cent, of the annoyance formerly attendant upon 
out-door x>hotography is obviated. 

Detective cameras may be had at xirices vary- 
ing from $15 to $35. The little Kodak, or Water- 
bury, are good for the prices at which they are 
sold; but if one's means will admit of a larger out- 
lay, then it is better to buy an Anthony instru- 
ment, . costing, when fitted with the roll-holder, 
$50 to $80, owing to size of box and quality of lens. 

Glass negatives should no longer be thought of 
for out-door work. Celluloid is now prepared 
for the pur^Dose so successfully as to put glass 
clear out of the field. 

The camera should be provided with a roll- 
holder, and when this- is fitted with a spool of 
celluloid holding forty-eight to one hundred 
exposures, the amateur may go on making views 
for a week or more without stopping to change 
plates. No plates need be develox)ed in cami^; 
that should be postponed until the j)arty returns 
home, where the best of facilities, as to dark- 
room, chemicals, and other ai^pointments, may 
be had. 

Photograj^hy is so simplified of late years, by 
the introduction of the dry-plate process and 
other imx)rovements, that by a careful study of 
the little book entitled " How to Make Photo- 
gra];)hs," Avhich is furnished with each camera, 
and a few days devoted to making exj)eriments, 



48 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

any person of ordinary intelligence may learn to 
make fair pictures. Of course it still requires 
years of careful study and x)ractice to become an 
expert photographer; but such is not the aim of 
most persons who take up photography merely as 
an adjunct to hunting and fishing, and to make 
such pictures as would be satisfactory to most 
people under such circumstances but little study 
and practice are needed. 

A strong, solid trunk should be made for the 
camera, into which it should fit snugly, and be 
protected from concussion by pads of cotton or 
wool. Apartments should be made at one end 
of the trunk to hold the glass plates, celluloid, or 
whatever of this nature is to be used; also the 
ruby lamp, and whatever other small articles are 
to be included in the outfit. 

The trunk should be thoroughly ironed out- 
side, and j)rovided with handles. It may then be 
checked as other baggage without fear of injury 
to its contents. A rubber bag should also be pro- 
vided, into which the camera can be inserted 
when carrying it short distances, as a protection 
against rain. It is a delicate instrument, and 
must never be allow^ed to get wet. 

Another handy item in a camp outfit is a pack- 
strap. The accomjoanying diagram will enable 
any leather-carpenter to make one. It is light, 
cheap, and often useful for carrying blankets, 
provisions, and game into and out of j)laces where 
a horse can not go. 

Each man should carry, when tramping or rid- 
ing in the country, a rubber drinking-cup. He 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 



49 



sliould also advise his companions to cany them 
This thing of all drinking out of one cup is not 
pleasant to cleanly disposed persons, and, besides 
often entails unnecessary delay when crossing a 
stream. 




Pack-strap. 



The party should carry a generous supply of 
rope. It will frequently come in deuxand for 
various purposes. Not less than fifty feet each 
of quarter-inch and half -inch should be provided, 
in addition to the picket-ropes, tent-ropes, etc. 



60 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

Each man should carry a field-glass. It is one 
of the greatest luxuries I can think of for a trip 
in the mountains or on the plains, and will often 
come in play in the dense woods. By its aid 
rocks are often turned into live animals, and vice 
versa; elks or bears are often found to be only 
cattle or horses, and sheep sometimes turn out to 
be antelopes ; a clear pool of water is often trans- 
formed into a dry bed of alkali, and a white rock 
proves to be a wild goat. The glass is useful in 
hunting your lost horses, and in looking out a 
favorable camping or hunting ground. It saves 
you an immense amount of riding and walking, 
and pays for itself once a week regularly. I 
once found a large herd of Rocky Mountain 
sheep by the aid of my glass that I never would 
have seen without it. I got the largest ram in 
the herd, and wouldn't take $100 for his head 
now. 

And while you are buying a glass, get a good 
one. It will cost $20 to $30, but will i)rove a good 
investment. Never allow any man to talk you 
into a telescope. It is no good for hunting. 

A good compass is another important item. It 
should be of a quality costing $2 to $3, and 
should be set in a nickel or silver hunting-case. 

You should carry a good watch; not neces- 
sarily a fine gold one, but one that will keep the 
time correctly. A lame watch is even more 
annoying in the woods, where you have not the 
town clock to set it by, than it is at home, and 
you know how it is there. 

You should carry a jjair of smoked glass gog- 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 51 

gles if you are likely to be out on snow or water 
when the sun is shining brightly. 

If traveling on the far Western prairies, a canteen 
is useful. Fill it with cold tea or coffee in the 
morning, and put a small lump of citric acid in 
it. This will afford you a refreshing drink, even 
if it gets very warm. This citric acid also adds 
to the x)alatable qualities of warm water. If the 
water is stagnant or impure, it should be boiled 
before drinking it; if alkali, add a teaspoonful of 
muriatic acid to a gallon of water before boiling. 
This will precipitate the alkali to the bottom, and 
render the water drinkable. The acid should be 
carried in a bottle, with a rubber or glass stopper, 
and this let into a solid block of wood, so that it 
can not be broken. 

As to the amount of money to be carried, no 
general directions can be given. You must be 
governed by circumstances; but it is always well 
to take enough along to meet any possible con- 
tingency, and several dollars of it should be in 
small change. 

Always carry a good map — the best you can get 
— of the country you are to visit. It will be a 
great source of comfort to you. 

A supply of stamped envelopes will often be 
found useful, if you are to pass a ranch occa- 
sionally. 

No man should ever go into the woods or 
mountains, or on the plains, without a water-x)roof 
match-box; and yet, strange as it may seem, 
there appears to be no such thing in market. I 
have several times hunted through gun-stores, 



52 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

hardware- stores, fancy goods stores, and other 
likely places for a pocket water-proof match-box, 
but could never find one that was actually water- 
proof, though I have found many that were said 
to be so. I finally devised one, and got a surgi- 
cal instrument maker to make it for me. 

It consists of a piece of brass tubing, three- 
quarters of an inch in diameter and two and a 
half inches long, with a bottom-piece soldered 
on, and cover screwed on, the shoulder below the 
thread being packed with water-proof steam -i:)ack- 
ing. It has almost saved my life several times; 
and before I got it I came near x)erishing two or 
three times for want of it. I have frequently got 
wet to the skin in rain-storms, in accidents to my 
canoe, or in swimming my horse across swollen 
streams; and of course, in such cases, my matches, 
when carried in the ordinary tin or rubber box, 
have fared the same as my other wordly effects. 
In each case I managed to reach camp or a ranch 
just before I died; but a dry match, with Avhich I 
could have started a fire, would have saved me 
several acres of suffering. 

A convenient and serviceable camp-kettle is one 
of the most important items of the whole outfit. 
Its size must depend upon the number of hungry 
men that are to be fed from it. For a party of 
four, it should be ten inches in diameter and sixteen 
inches deep. It should be made of heavy gal- 
vanized iron, with a quarter-inch wire around the 
top, a bail of the same size, and with heavy mal- 
leable iron ears. If built on these specifications, 
it may be i)acked on a horse, and if X)roperly 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 53 

placed in the pack, the histiest packer in tlie 
mountains may cinch it till his eyes stick out, and 
it will show up at night as sound and shai:)ely as 
it was when it started out in the morning. 

Two tin i3ails, made of good heavy tin, should 
be made to nest in this kettle. They should each 
be nine inches in diameter and eight inches deep. 
They should have flat, lids, that fit tightly, with 
small, movable wire rings on oiDposite sides of the 
lids below the corner. Then, when you desire to 
cook dried fruits, rice, oatmeal, farina, beans, or 
other food that is liable to scorch when cooked in 
an ordinary camp-kettle, you can place it in one 
of these tin pails, put in with it a sufficient quan- 
tity of water, fit the lid on, fill your camp-kettle 
half full of water, drop three or four pebbles in 
it, set your tin pail in on them, put your kettle 
on as hot a cam^D-fire as you can make, and let it 
hump itself until dinner is ready. Then take out 
your tin pail, knock the cover off, and your rice, 
fruit, or whatever it may be, will show u}) as 
clean and delicious as your wife or mother could 
cook it at home. If you cook more than you 
need for one meal, and are to move camp before 
the next, fit your cover on, set the pail into j^our 
camp-kettle, and the cooked grub will ride to 
your next home as well as though it had not been 
cooked. I have frequently cooked enough fruit 
or rice at one time to last our mess three or four 
days, when we were traveling all the time, and 
found it a great luxury to have this much of a 
meal always ready. Indeed, I have frequently 
had both pails full of cooked food at once. When- 



54 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

ever either is not in use in this way, however, it 
may be utilized as a catch-all for tin cups, spoons, 
knives, forks, soap, dish-cloths, and other camp 
bric-a-brac. When the kettle is filled, it should 
be set into a gunny-sack of nearly its own size, a 
bunch of rags or other soft material X3laced on top 
of the upper pail, and the mouth of the bag should 
be tightly tied over it. This will hold the con- 
tents in place, no matter how rough a traveler 
your pack-horse may be. 

You will need one or more large frjdng-pans, 
with flat wrought-iron handles. When cooking 
on a big fire, you can cut a stick two or three feet 
long, split the end of it, sli^D the end of the iron 
handle into the split, wrap the stick with a cord, 
and then stand well back from the fire, so that 
your meat will fry before your face does. 

Two or three tin pans should also be provided, 
of a proi^er size to nest in the frying-pan, in j^ack- 
ing. They will add but a trifle to the weight, and 
will be found very useful at meal-time. 

You should also have a good-sized wire broiler, 
made double, so that the meat can be laid on one 
part and the other will fold down on it, the two 
handles to fasten together with a running ring. 
The handle may be spliced out with a split stick, 
the same as in case of the frying-pan. A half- 
inch board should be cut, of a size slightly larger 
than the broiler, to fold in it when packing, and 
keej) it from being smashed in the pack. The 
edges of this board should be reinforced with 
slips of hard wood, to prevent it from splitting. 
The broiler will be found one of the greatest lux- 



CAMP EQUIPAGE. 55 

uries of the whole kit. Very few campers carry 
them, but depend entirely on the frying-pan for 
cooking fish, and almost entirely for cooking all 
kinds of meats. This greasy cooking is unhealthy, 
and in time becomes distasteful, while a nicely 
broiled steak, fish, or bird is always palatable to 
a hungry man. 



CHAPTER TV. 

CAMP EQUIPAGE — CONTINUED. 

If traveling with a team, and without a stove, a 
*' dutch oven" will be useful for baking bread, 
meats, and vegetables; but if traveling with pack- 
animals, canoes, or mackinaws, it will be found 
cumbersome, and in all such cases it is better to 
depend on the frying-pan for baking, and on the 
camp-kettle and broiler for cooking meats and 
vegetables. 

The coffee-pot or tea-X3ot should be made of 
heavy block-tin, with the lij) merely folded or 
pressed from the main body. The handle should 
be riveted on, and the bail attached by heavy 
malleable iron ears. Plates and cups should also 
be of block- tin, and the latter should be pressed, 
and have the handles riveted on at the top and 
loose at the bottom, so that any number of them 
will nest. Knives and forks should be of steel — 
not cast-iron — and the former should be kept 
sharp enough to cut meat without generating 
profanity. 

The ax should be full-sized, weighing about 
three i3ounds, should have a full-length handle, 
and should be carefully muzzled, so that it 
will not cut any of the other articles in the 
pack or in the wagon. A good muzzle is made of 
sole-leather, fastened with copper riv^ets, and 

(57) 



58 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

should have straps to pass over the poll and 
around the handle, and they should then buckle. 
Personally, I never carry a hatchet. My large 
hunting-knife does almost any work that a 
hatchet will do, and much, in the way of cutting 
up game, etc. , that it will not do, and when there 
is a log to chop off, or a tree of considerable size 
to cut down, I want a full-grown ax to do it 
with. Even when canoeing, or traveling on foot 
in the woods, I carry an ax. 

It is possible to dispense with several of these 
articles, when one desires to travel lightly. 
Indeed, it is astonishing how many things a man 
can do without, and still live, if he liasn't them 
and is where he can't get them. It is i3ossible for 
a man to go into the woods and live a month with 
no other outfit than a gun and some ammunition, 
a pair of blankets, a few fish-hooks and a line, a 
bag of hard-tack, and a couple of pounds of salt. 

Nessmuk, in his charming little book, '' Wood- 
craft," says: ''My entire outfit for cooking and 
eating dishes comj)rises five i)ieces of tinware. 
This is when stopping in a permanent camp. 
When cruising and tramping, I take just two 
pieces in the knapsack. I get a skillful tinsmith 
to make one dish as follows : Six inches on bot- 
tom, six and three-quarter inches on top, side, 
two inches high. The bottom is of the heaviest 
tin procurable, the sides of lighter tin, and seamed, 
to be water-tight, without solder. The top is 
simply turned, without wire. The second dish to 
be made the same, but small enough to nest in 
the first, and also to fit into it, when inverted, as 



CAMP EQUIPAGE — CONTINUED. 59 

a cover. Two other dislies, made from common 
pressed tin, with the tops cut off and turned, also 
without wire. They are fitted so that they all nest, 
taking no more room than the largest dish alone; 
and each of the three smaller dishes makes a per- 
fect cover for the next larger. The other piece is 
a tin camp-kettle, also of the heaviest tin, and 
seamed water-tight. It holds two quarts, and the 
other dishes nest in it perfectly, so that when 
packed the whole takes just as much room as the 
kettle alone. I should mention that the strong 
ears are set below the rim of the kettle, and the 
bail falls outside, so, as none of the dishes have any 
handle, there are no aggravating ' stick-outs ' to 
wear and abrade. The snug affair weighs, all 
told, two pounds. It is not necessary to take 
table cutlery into the woods. A good fork may 
be improvised from a beech or birch stick; and 
the half of a fresh- water mussel-shell, with a split 
stick by way of handle, makes an excellent 
spoon." 

This outfit will meet the absolute needs of two 
men, as to table-ware and cooking-utensils, but 
most of us would prefer to carry a few additional 
pieces during the day, in order that w^e might be 
more conveniently equipped for cooking and eat- 
ing supper and breakfast. 

If you have plenty of transportation, carry a 
spade. It will be found useful for ditching 
around your tent, and sometimes for digging for 
water; but if horse-flesh is scarce, leave the 
spade at home. You can make one in a few min- 
utes from a sapling, if in the woods, and if you 



60 OAMPIXG AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

camp on the prairie, you can dig tlie trench with 
an old knife. 

A folding rubber or leather bucket is useful in 
many ways; but if you can't have pretty much 
everything you want, leave this out, for you can 
make the camj)-kettle, coffee-pot, or other camp 
ornaments answer the same purpose. 

In nearly every company of three or more men 
will be found one who, if not a professional 
mechanic or artisan, is at least handy in the use of 
tools. Such an one should carry with him, when 
circumstances will permit, a kit of tools and 
materials such as are most likely to be needed for 
repairing possible injury to guns, fishing-tackle, 
boats, harness, wagon, cooking-utensils, and other 
equipage. Great inconvenience, and, in fact, 
absolute suffering, sometimes results from a 
serious break-down, especially to boat, wagon, or 
gun, when there is no possible means at hand of 
repairing it. 

The kit need not be elaborate, heavy, or expen- 
sive, for, under compulsion, an ingenious mechanic 
may make one tool answer many purposes. He 
may draw on Nature for many implements and 
materials needed, if he has not brought them 
with him. The list should include one of the 
latest and largest tool-holders, which has a 
thiimb-vise attached, and contains a good assort- 
ment of brad-awls, a gimlet, reamer, file, saw, 
chisels, screwdriver, gouge, etc. It should also 
include a X3air of pliers, a hammer, a small hand- 
saw, two or three shoemaker's awls, a harness- 
needle, and a sail-needle. 



CAMP EQUIPAGE— CONTINUED. Ql 

Among materials to be carried should be a strip 
of tliong-leather, a small piece of tempered steel 
a spool of fine copper wire, and half a pound each 
ot Nos.12 and 18 copper wire; a pound or two of 
wire nails and brads, assorted sizes; a pound of 
horse-nails, and a few horseshoes, assorted sizes- 
a few screws, and a supply of the component 
parts of the various guns and rifles carried in the 
party, or at least of such parts as are most likely 
to give out. A few copper rivets, assorted sizes 
and some waxed-ends should also be provided ' 
All these, except the saw, should be carried in 
a stout canvas case, made after the pattern of the 
toilet-case described on page 26. It should be 
made large enough to Iiold. in addition to these 
articles, the reloading tools, if any are to betaken 
along, though, as a rule, it is not advisable to 
carry them. These and the loose ammunition add 
to the care and anxiety of the owner, and it is 
better to provide a full supply of loaded car- 
tridges before starting out. The saw should be 
tied between two thin boards, of the proper size 
and shape to hold it, so that the teeth can not 
come in contact with any other object. 

A temporary vise may be made, anywhere in the 
woods, by cutting off a sapling, five or six inches 
in diameter, about tu'o feet above the ground, and 
splitting the stump in the center. You can pry 
the jaws open with the ax, to insert the article 
you Avish to work on, and then, if the pressure 
should not be sufiicient to hold it firmly, put a rope 
around it just below, rig a tourniquet, and squeeze 
the stump till the sap simmers out at the top 



CHAPTER V. 

GUNS AND RIFLES. 

On this subject there is really little to be said 
in a work of this kind. It is presumed that every 
man who reads this book has already formed his 
ideas as to the best arm for his purx)ose. This must, 
of course, depend on where he is to go and what 
kind of game, if any, he is to hunt. It is pre- 
sumed, however, that nearly every man who goes 
on a camping-trip of any kind, for pleasure or on 
business, and even if the principal business is to 
be fishing or resting, will carry fire-arms of some 
kind, for in nearly every wild country there is 
game, either large or small, and nearly every man 
likes to shoot at it when he sees it. Personally, 
I prefer a large-bore rifle for all kinds of large 
game, and would recommend nothing smaller than 
a fifty-caliber for anything from deer to moose 
and bear. 

There are those, however, who object to carry- 
ing so heavy an arm and such heavy ammunition. 
Deer, antelope, and even larger game, may be 
killed with a 32, 38, or 40 caliber rifle, but unless 
hit in a vital part, are liable to run long distances 
before succumbing to the shot; and many animals, 
although killed, are thus lost. I consider it more 
humane and sportsmanlike, therefore, to carry a 
fifty-caliber Exjiress, which will, in most cases, 

(63) 



64 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

kill your game dead in its tracks, if properly 
held. 

If one be not expert in tlie use of the rifle, and 
prefers to use the shot-gun, he will also, in most 
cases, have made his choice as to the make, size, 
and weight of gun. In this, as in the rifle, a large 
bore and heavy charge is recommended for all 
game larger than quails and snipe, for the reason 
that it kills a larger percentage of the game hit 
than does the smaller bore, shooting the lighter 
charge. As already stated, the carrying of enough 
loaded cartridges to last through the trip is advis- 
able, and the reloading tools should be left at 
home. 

It is well, also, to carry a liberal supi)ly of ammu- 
nition, not that more game may be killed than is 
needed, but that the sportsman may feel that he 
has plenty, and that his j)leasure may not be 
marred by having to husband his suj)ply too 
closely. If traveling in the Far West, especially, 
he will most likely have ox^portunities to do a 
good deal of shooting at hawks, owls, eagles, 
skunks, coyotes, foxes, and other vermin, and it 
is well to be x)repared to ' ' fan ' ' every one of these 
wherever found. 

The x>asteboard boxes, in which the reserve 
supply of cartridges is placed, should be wrapi3ed 
in cotton cloth, so that they will not break oj^en, 
and should then be packed in strong wooden 
boxes, if you are to travel by team. If by pack- 
train, then they may be distributed among your 
clothing in your "war-bag." 

If you carry your cartridges in a belt, it should 



GTJNS AND RIFLES. 65 

be provided with suspenders, to bring the weight 
on your shoulders, instead of on your hips and 
bread-basket. 

To this belt, if you are hunting big game, 
should be hung the scabbard containing your 
hunting-knife, skinning-knife, and steel. The 
hunting- knife should have a blade not less 
than eight inches long, should be of the best 
steel obtainable, sharp on one edge only, nearly 
a quarter of an inch thick at the back, and 
should have a strong buck-horn handle. The 
skinning-knife should also be of good quality, but 
thin, with the front end of the blade broader than 
the rear portion, and w^ell rounded oif . In addi- 
tion to these, a good- sized, strong pocket-knife 
should be carried. These will all be useful in 
various ways, but especially for skinning and 
cutting up large animals, and for preparing their 
heads for mounting. 

For wing- shooting the better plan is to wear a 
vest, with cartridge -holders distributed over the 
front. If going to distant hunting countries, you 
should provide strong wooden cases for your 
guns, so that they may be checked with your 
trunk. It is unpleasant to have to care for them 
in the cars en route. You should have strong 
canvas or leather cases to carry them in after 
leaving the railroad, so that they may ride safely 
with the other goods in the wagon or in packs, 
for there will probably be many miles of travel 
over countries where there is no game, and over 
which you would not need to carry them in your 
hands or on your saddle. 



CHAPTER VI. 



FISHING-TACKLE. 



This is another subject that need not be treated 
at length here, for the reason stated in the chap- 
ter on guns, namely, that the reader is presumed 
to know what he wants to carry with him. I will 
briefly say, that, if going into the Far West, you 
should carry both a fly and a bait rod. These 
should be packed in a strong wooden case, that 
may be carried in a pack and cinched till the 
mule groans, or thrown into a wagon and buried 
up in boxes of grub and other bric-a-brac, with- 
out danger of injury. Take as little other tackle 
as will possibly meet your needs. What you do 
take should also be in a strong wooden box. 
Your fancy tin tackle-box is no good for the wild 
and wooly country. It is sure to come to grief. 
For mountain trout you will need but a small 
variety of flies, the brown hackle, red ibis, and 
white moth being the favorites. Don't carry a 
creel, but instead take a strong canvas bag of 
about the same capacity. It will answer the pur- 
pose, and be much more convenient to transport. 



(67) 



CHAPTEH YIL 

HOESES AND THEIR EQUIPMENT. 

If you are going beyond tlie Missouri, whether 
your destination be the mountains or the open 
13lains, you must have a saddle-horse. It is jdos- 
sible, of course, to ride on the wagon or buck-board, 
so far as either can go, and then to hunt on foot, 
and many do so; but a man who goes on such a 
trip without a saddle-animal is sadly handi- 
capped; he might almost as well go without a gun. 

Ponies, or cayuses, as they are called in the ver- 
nacular, are cheap. Twenty to forty dollars will 
buy a good one in almost any far Western town, 
and you can frequently hire one for $10 a month. 
In selecting one, the first requisite should be gen- 
tleness. Avoid a bucking cayuse as you would 
a man who borrows money. Furthermore, be sure 
that he will stand fire. Satisfy yourself that he 
will allow you to shoot from the saddle, or from 
anywhere near him, without making any non- 
sensical fuss about it. Never take the word of 
the owner of a horse for any of his good qualities, 
for men will lie about their horses as universally 
as about the fish they don't catch. Usually some- 
one else in the town or neighborhood will know 
the horse. If not, have someone, whom you 
would just as lief see killed as not, ride the horse, 
and fire a few shots from the saddle. A saddle- 

(69) 



70 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

horse for a long liuiiting-trip, especially in the 
mountains, should be very solid, muscular, and 
stocky. 

The same general rules apj)ly, also, to the selec- 
tion of pack-horses. Nothing is more annoying 
than to have some pack-animal in the train buck 
every morning when the load is put on him, or 
stampede and run whenever a shot is fired on the 
trail. He will cause more annoyance and pro- 
fanity than a gun that fails to go off when you 
pull the trigger. 

Your riding-saddle should be a full-sized Mex- 
ican, of not less than twenty-five pounds, should 
have a double cinche, and ]3lenty of strings for 
tying on your coat, blankets, etc. If you are not 
accustomed to the frontier, be careful not to 
allow anyone to impose on you in the matter of 
a saddle. Don't allow any interested i)arty to 
talk you into a small, cheaj) affair. Insist on a 
full-sized, well-made saddle, such as you see the 
cow-boys riding. With the best one in the mar- 
ket, you will, during the first few days out, be 
sorry you enlisted, and will eat your meals stand- 
ing. If you get a poor one, you will wish you 
were dead. 

The seat should be full size, of easy, well-fitting 
shape, and the horn and cantle should rise well 
up in front and rear. Good second-hand saddles 
can usually be bought in frontier towns at from 
$10 to §25 — less than half their original cost; or 
one may frequently be hired for from $3 to $5 a 
month. 

Always keep your rubber coat strapped to your 



HORSES AND THEIR EQUIPMENT. 71 

saddle, no matter what the weather may be when 
you start out. It may change suddenly. 

Good-sized saddle pockets should be attached 
to your saddle. They are handy to carry lunch 
and many other articles in, and it is a good 
scheme to put a lunch in them every morning 
when you start out, even though you expect to be 
in camp or with the outfit at noon, for you never 
know what half a day may bring forth. I always 
carry a bunch of hard-tack, or pilot bread, and a 
small bag of salt in my saddle-pockets all 
through the trij), as a reserve against any possi- 
bility of getting lost, or following game a great 
distance, and having to lay out over night. In 
such a case a man can nearly always kill a piece 
of meat, of some kind, if it be nothing better 
than a skunk, and, with some bread, salt, and 
water, may make a fair meal. With his rubber 
coat, saddle, blanket, and a good fire, he may get 
a fair night's rest. 

Your bridle should be good and strong, with a 
curb -bit, and the reins should be at least eight 
feet long. Then, when you have occasion to dis- 
mount, you can throw the reins over your horse's 
head, and if he attempts to travel he will step on 
them and check himself. Thus you can depend 
on finding him near where you left him. 

The picket-rope should be three-quarters of an 
inch thick and fifty feet long. 

It is well to have an iron picket-pin if you 
intend to operate much on the open prairies. 
This should be an inch thick and ten to twelve 
inches long. 



72 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

Your long bridle-reins will usually answer for 
a whip, though for a lazy horse it may be neces- 
sary to carry a quirt, or riding-whip, which 
should be hung to the horn of the saddle by a 
loop. Spurs are a relic of barbarism, and should 
never be worn by a civilized man. 

A good heavy saddle-blanket should be used, 
and great care should be exercised in folding and 
spreading it on the horse, in order that there may 
be no wrinkles in it. Many a sore has been 
started by carelessness in this matter. In hot 
weather, the backs of both saddle and pack ani- 
mals should be bathed with cold water at least 
once a day. The best time is about half an hour 
after the saddles have been taken off. A supply 
of oakum shoukl be carried along, and if a sore 
does occur, a quantity of this should be kept 
spread over it, and it should be frequently bathed. 
It is next to impossible, however, to cure a sore 
back while the animal is at work; and an animal 
so afflicted should be at once turned out to follow 
the outfit, or be traded oif to some ranchman who 
can turn him out until he recovers. It is a piece 
of uniDardonable cruelty to work an animal with 
a sore back, when it can possibly be avoided. 

The best device for carrying a gun on horseback 
is a "boot" made of heavy harness leather, and 
hung to the saddle in such a way that the butt- 
stock will lay near the horse's withers, and the 
barrel pass under your left leg. In this position, 
the gun is easy to get at when wanted, and will 
not pound you or the saddle when you run your 
horse. This style of boot may be found in any 



HOESES AND THEIR EQUIPMENT. 73 

far Western town, or in tlie larger gun-stores in 
the East. 

Pack-saddles are usually provided, or, at least, 
looked after, by the guide or packer who is to use 
them. It should be the care of the leader of the 
party, however, that they are good strong ones, 
and that a full supply of sling-ropes, lash-ropes, 
cinches, picket-ropes, and saddle-blankets are 
provided, and all of the best quality. Ropes or 
other equipments that are constantly breaking or 
giving out are a source of untold annoyance and 
delays, and a few dollars expended at the start, as 
a precaution against such disasters, will prove a 
good investment. 

The pack-saddles, or apparejos, whichever may 
be used, should be provided with breast- stra^DS 
and breeching, as these enable the animals to 
carry their loads with greater ease and comfort, 
and greatly reduce the danger of sore backs. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

GUIDES. 

And now comes the most difficult article in the 
whole outfit to ijrovide successfully and satisfac- 
torily to all concerned. There are more unmiti- 
gated frauds traveling under the disguise of guides 
than under any other known to science. You can 
scarcely get off a train in any mountain town, 
with anything about you that suggests a hunting- 
trip, without being button-holed by some super- 
annuated old bum, in greasy buckskin trousers; 
with long hair; with tobacco- juice trailing down 
over his chin, and the odor of jDoor whisky ema- 
nating from his cavernous maw, who will inquire 
if you are o;oing hunting, and who, if you reply in 
the affirmative, will offer bis services as a guide. 
He will tell you, with great earnestness of man- 
ner, that he knows "every foot of the ken try 
within 200 mile of this hyur spot;" that he 
"knows whar they's dead loads o' game, and kin 
steer ye right on top o' more b'ar, 'n' elk, 'n' deer, 
'n' sheep than ye ever heard on afore in yer life." 
He will claim that he can cook, pack, chop wood, 
build bridges, make camp, butcher game, tan 
skins, and, in short, do anything and everything 
that you could possibly want done in camp, or on 
the march, and tell you, "ef you don't believe it, 
jist ax that ar feller what keeps that saloon over 
thar by the track." 

(75) 



76 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

But give this fellow a miglity wide berth. He 
is one of the frauds, the humbugs, I have spoken 
of. Now and then there is one among the lot 
that is what he claims to be, and knows what he 
claims to know. This you will ascertain by in- 
quiring of the reputable business -men of the place, 
but not of the saloonkeeper you have been referred 
to. The majority of these fellows know the coun- 
try well enough; but their ambition is not to serve 
you faithfully, to show you game, to do your 
cooking or xoacking, it is to eat your grub, drink 
your Avhisky, and corral as much as X30ssible of 
your money. When a contract is made with one 
of them, and you get out on the trail, he will bend 
all his energies to accomplish these ends, and 
none of them to do the work he professed to be 
so expert at. In fact, the chances are that as soon 
as you camp each night he will unsaddle his horse, 
turn him out, sit down, and wait for you or some- 
one else to get the wood and water, cook the supper, 
and put up the tent. The chances are, in fact, that 
he will conduct himself on about this line all 
through the trij), or until you get so disgusted 
with him that you pay him off and turn him 
back. 

When you get into the town where you are to 
outfit, go slow in the matter of selecting your 
guide. Inquire of a number of the better class of 
citizens as to who the best man is for your pur- 
pose. It is not likely that he is in sight; he is at 
work on some ranch, or is earning an honest dol- 
lar in some other way. The chances are, more- 
over, that when you find him you will see a 



GUIDES. 77 

younger man than the one already mentioned; 
that he wears cleaner clothes, a cleaner chin, and 
that his hair is cut short. He may not claim to 
know so much as the other man, but probably 
does know a good deal more, and will most likely 
do his work faithfully and satisfactorily. 

If, in addition to the guide, you are to have a 
cook, or a packer, or both, the same hints already 
given will be valuable to you in selecting these. 

For a small party, however, one man may 
usually be found that will fill all three of these 
offices, with such assistance as the members of the 
party can render him. 

Indians can not, as a class, be depended upon 
as guides. They are liable to change their minds, 
and desert you in the midst of the wilderness. 
Besides, they are lazy, lilthy, and generally dis- 
agreeable as comx3anions. I have employed a 
good many of them, and have seldom found one 
that was worth powder enough to kill him. 

And what I have said of Western guides is 
applicable, in a general way, to those in the 
North woods, to oarsmen, punters, etc. Never 
employ the first man who ofl:'ers his services, for 
any such duty, until you have satisfied yourself 
by careful inquiry that he is temperate, indus- 
trious, and knows where to find the fish or game 
you are in quest of. 

On pages 117 and 118 will be found a list of the 
names and addresses of a few guides, some of 
whom I have employed at various times, or who 
have been recommended to me, by others who have 
employed them, as faithful and competent men. 



CHAPTER IX. 

FOOD. 

The question of what kinds and what quantity 
of food to carry on a camping-trip is, perhaps, 
more difficult to settle satisfactorily than any 
other that besets the sportsman when preparing 
for an outing. In making up his commissariat, 
he must, of course, be governed largely by the 
number of men to constitute his party, the length 
of time it is to be out, what is to be its means of 
transportation, how much of that transportation 
is to be i3rovided, where the party is to go, and 
whether the trip is to be in quest of fish or game, 
or both. 

If you are to travel by team, over good roads, 
you can, of course, carry a much more elaborate 
stock of provisions than if you are to travel by 
pack-train, by canoe, or on foot. As a rule, how- 
ever, only plain, substantial food should be taken 
into camp. This is the kind you will crave — the 
kind you will need. Delicacies and dainties 
should be left at home; they are well enough in 
their place, but their place is not in camp. As a 
rustler once expressed it: " Pie and cake are 
good enough at home, but they don' t climb the 
hills worth ad — n." 

Cancel all the knick-knacks on your list at the 
start, and give your stomach a chance to recover, 

(79) 



80 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

during your outing, from the ill-effects of "the 
rich food you have been stuffing it with for years 
j)ast. Bread, meat, vegetables, and fruit are the 
staples that you will require when you come to 
climb the hills, tramp over the prairies, wander 
in the woods, or pull on the paddles. 

How to make up a list of edibles, suitable as to 
quantity, quality, and variety, for a given num- 
ber of days in the woods, is, therefore, a serious 
question with many people; to the old-timer, 
however, it is the work of but a few minutes. 
He know^s, by exj^erience, just what he w^ants to 
eat, and how much of it he will need per day. 

As to quality, buy the best of everything; it 
costs but little more than an inferior grade, and 
the best is none too good for an honest man. 

As to quantity and variety, no better guide can 
be given than the list of articles given in the 
army regulations as constituting the soldier's 
ration. It is the result of years of study and 
practical experience by men w hose occupation is 
largely that of camping and camx^aigning. These 
army officers have learned to a nicety what an 
ordinary man, engaged in active out-door work, 
or play, requires to fill him up three times a day, 
and to keep him strong, healthy, and happy. 

The following is the list, as published by the 
War Department, of the items constituting a 
soldier's daily ration: 

For garrison or field duty: 12 ounces of pork or 
bacon, or canned beef (fresh or corned), or 1 
pound and 4 ounces fresh beef, or 22 ounces salt 
beef; 18 ounces soft bread or flour, or 16 ounces 



FOOD. 81 

hard bread, or 1 i3ound 4 ounces corn-meal; 
and to every 100 rations 15 pounds beans or peas, 
or 10 pounds rice or hominy; 10 pounds green 
coffee, 8 pounds roasted coffee, or 2 pounds tea; 
15 pounds sugar; 4 quarts vinegar; 4 i)ounds 
soap; 4 pounds salt; 4 ounces pepper; 1 jDound 
8 ounces candles; and to troops in the field, when 
necessary, 4 pounds yeast powder to 100 rations 
of flour. 

When troops are traveling by rail or steam- 
boat, the ration is varied, as follows: Per 100 
rations, 112^ j)ounds soft bread, or 100 pounds 
hard bread; 75 pounds canned fresh beef, or 75 
j)ounds canned corned beef; 33 1-pound cans 
baked beans, or 20 2-pound cans, or 15 3-pound 
cans; 8 pounds roasted coffee; 15 pounds sugar. 

Anyone who has ever had the good fortune to 
eat a meal with a body of our regular soldiers, in 
garrison or on the march, and when on full rations, 
knows that they fare sumptuously, that they have 
everything to eat that any man could reasonably 
want under such circumstances. The lists of 
sui)plies on pages 114, 115, and 116 are based on 
this stipulation as to the soldier's ration. 

If you are going into the woods, and have 
abundant transportation, and especially if you 
are to have a permanent camj), take the whole 
business, and you will live like a fighting-cock. 
If your transportation is limited, base your 
requisition for supplies on that one of these lists 
that best suits your condition, and you will still 
be well victualed. If you are sure you are going 
to find plenty of game or fish, you can reduce the 



82 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

quantity of meat accordingly; but don't be too 
alllired sure of that. This world is full of dis- 
appointments — for hunters and anglers. You 
have heard of fellows going for wool and coming 
back shorn. 

Unless you are going to have a permanent 
camp, which can be reached by a good wagon- 
road, don't carry any canned fruits. They are a 
delusion, and are two-thirds water. The chances 
are you will get better water where you are going, 
and save the freight. 

Fruits are dried or evaporated in such excel- 
lent style nowadays, that there is no need of car- 
rying them put up in tin and water. These 
remarks apply with equal force to the popular 
Boston fruit — canned beans. All provisions 
should be put uj) in good, strong canvas bags, or 
in wooden or tin boxes. Never risk paper pack- 
ages on a camping-trip, or you may find your 
sugar, salt, coffee, beans, and other things sadly 
mixed. 

Don't take any whisky into camp. The guide, 
packer, or cook is sure to steal it and get drunk, 
if yon don't keep it under lock and key, and 
your friends are better off without it. 



CHAPTER X. 

ON CHOOSING A CAMP-SITE. 

To know how to clioose the best i)ossible site 
for a camp is one of the most important j)arts of 
a sportsman's education. There are many old- 
time woodsmen and i^rofessional guides wlio are 
sadly lacking in this faculty, and I have seen 
civil engineers, geologists, and other learned men 
act like boys ten years old, when they attempted 
to choose a camping-spot. Such people simply 
lack judgment in this one direction. They are 
incapable of choosing wisely between the least of 
several evils. Other men clioose camp-sites by 
what appears to be inspiration. They seem to 
know at a glance what is the best spot in a given 
section of country, and never have to think twice 
to decide where to locate. This faculty can not 
be acquired by reading books — it is innate, 
like poetic genius; and yet there are certain 
general directions that may be given, and that, if 
followed, will greatly aid the student of camp- 
lore. 

Weather permitting, always pitch your camp 
on high ground. The tox) of a ridge is usually 
best; or, if this is too high for convenience, select 
a level bench on the side of a hill. The inclina- 
tion to camp near the Avater is always strong in 
every man's mind, and if the weather and the 



84 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

shape and nature of the ground are such as to 
warrant it, it is pleasant to lie awake at night and 
hear the brook babble, the river roll, or the 
waves wash on the pebbly beach ; but frequently 
the ground is damp on the creek or river bottom, 
whence miasmic vapors will arise, or there is 
there a rank growth of weeds that give off nox- 
ious odors. 

If the time be summer, the mosquitoes are likely 
to be much worse at the water' s edge than farther 
away, and, in either case, it is better to camj) well 
up the hill, carry what water you must use, and do 
without the aqueous music. 

Again, if your cam]3 be pitched on the bank of a 
Western stream, you may go to bed at night dry as 
toast, and wake up before morning to find your- 
self and your whole outfit being carried down the 
valley on the bosom of a flood that has come from 
a cloud-burst. 

An old hunter friend of mine was once guid- 
ing the Surveyor General of Montana through a 
wild portion of that State, and the}^ camped, at 
night, on a little creek that flowed out of the 
mountains a few miles away. The Greneral ordered 
the tent pitched on an inviting lawn, within a few 
feet of the sparkling water. Tlie guide cautioned 
him that it would be safer to camp on higher 
ground, as this was the time of year when cloud- 
bursts were fashionable. The General retorted 
that the guide was overcautious, and the tent was 
pitched on the spot already selected. Along 
toward morning, the General, who slept on the 
lower side of the tent, woke up with a Arm con- 



ON CHOOSING A CAMP-SITE. 85 

viction that water was oozing tlirougli his blankets 
onto his spine. He called the guide, and asked 
what it meant. The guide told him to put his 
hand out from under the tent and see if it were 
raining. The General did so, and socked his arm 
into cold water to his elbow. Just then the rush- 
ing of angry waters was heard. Both men sprang 
to their feet, and the guide told the General to run 
for high ground if he wanted to live any longer. 
They grabbed a few articles of clothing, and escaped 
by wading to their waists, but their tent, blankets, 
saddles, cooking-utensils, and grub were driven 
into the Missouri Eiver. A wet cloud had collided 
with the side of a mountain, and had come down 
the valley in a body. And it is safe to bet that, 
thereafter, the General aforesaid selected his camp- 
sites above high -water mark. 

Water and land are not the only requisites of a 
good camp-site. If you are traveling in a wild 
country, with horses, and have not a supply of 
grain, you must camp where there is good grass 
for them, even though you have to do without 
water for a night. It is more imi)ortant that your 
horses should be well fed than that you should be 
well watered, for their work is much harder than 
yours. Of course, they should have water as well 
as grass, but will not suffer for the former in 
twenty -four hours. Always fill your canteens or 
casks at any water you pass during the day, and 
then you will be prepared for any such emergency. 

Never pass a good camp-ground in the after- 
noon, unless you know there is another that you 
can reach before sundown. It is better to camp 



86 CAMPING AKD CAMP OUTFITS. 

at noon, or 1 or 2 o'clock, where there is good 
feed, water, and wood, than go on to a later hour 
and have to camp without either one of the three. 
Always manage to carry some cooked meat and 
bread, or hard-tack, and then, if compelled to 
camp where there is no wood, you are not com- 
pelled to eat raw meat straight. 

If traveling on the prairie, in cold weather, 
where you can not find a grove to camp in, go 
just over the brow of a hill, to leeward, and pitch 
your camp on the side. The wind will not strike 
you there as it will at the foot of the hill or in the 
draw. 

If traveling in the woods or mountains, in sum- 
mer or autumn, and you are to camp without a 
tent or other artificial shelter, make your bed near 
the trunk of a large tree. Its branches may shield 
you from a possible shower, and will at least keep 
off the dew or frost. The spreading branches of 
the large firs and cedars, that grow in portions of 
the Hocky and Cascade Mountains, are almost 
equal to a tin roof for shedding rain. I have 
camped under some of them when it has rained 
till you could scarcely see fifty yards through it, 
and not a droj) of water has reached me. 

When trami)ing or canoeing in the big woods, 
observe the foregoing hints as far as they are 
apjjlicable to your case, and, in addition, always 
look out for any dead or decayed trees that are 
liable to be blown down in the night and drive 
you into the earth. 

In selecting a permanent camp, for summer- 
time, be sure and , get under or near some good- 



ON CHOOSING A CAMP-SITE. 87 

sized trees, where you can have plenty of shade 
through the long, hot day. It is a most pitiable 
sight to see people trying to live in tents, out in 
the open prairie, or in an open field, where the 
sun's rays pierce them from morning till night. 

In selecting a camp-site anywhere, learn to think 
of all the advantages and disadvantages offered 
by the various i30ssible localities, and choose 
wisely between them. In short, learn to exercise 
your good common-sense and judgment in this, 
as you would in buying a coat or a horse. 



CHAPTER XL 

HOW TO MAKE CAMPS. 

A party going into the woods, and expecting to 
remain for several weeks in one place, especially 
in late autumn or winter, may find it necessary to 
build a log cabin. The limits of the present work 
will not admit of my going at length into a dis- 
cussion of this industry, and I would advise such 
of my readers as may contemplate preparing a 
camp of this kind to read a little book written by 
William S. Wicks, and published by Forest and 
Stream, entitled "Log Cabins, and How to Build 
Them." 

As to temporary shelters, other than cabins and 
tents, there are a great many styles known to 
woodsmen, many of which may be made decidedly 
comfortable, and with but little labor. If possible, 
a piece of canvas or drilling should always be 
carried along, large enough to form at least the 
roof of a lodge; but, where this is impossible, dirt, 
bark, rushes, or flags may be used to good advan- 
tage. 

A temporary open shanty, capable of sheltering 
four men, may be made of thirty-six poles, eight 
feet long and about six inches in diameter. These 
are notched, and laid up in the form of an open 
square, the independent ends being held in place 
by four posts planted in the ground at the proper 

(89) 



90 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

places, and each pair held together at the top by 
ropes or withes. Other poles are then laid as 
close together as possible over the top, and covered 
with a foot of dirt, or with green cedar or elm 
bark; or it may be thatched with straw, grass, 
rushes, or flags. If either of these are used, the 
roof should have a steep pitch, and the thatch be 
put on to a depth of six inches or more. It should 
be lapped on the same plan as shingles are, and 
weighted with heavy green poles, held to the body 
of the shanty by ropes or withes. 

If the weather be cold, the cracks between the 
poles should be stopped with moss, grass, or 
boughs; and by keeping a good log fire burning in 
front of the open end, and three or four feet 
away,^ a party may be comfortable in such a 
shanty with the mercury at zero. 

A brush shelter, usually called a ^'lean-to," 
may be made by laying a pole in the forks of two 
posts, set for the purpose, at a height of five or 
six feet from the ground, leaning other poles 
from this to the ground, at an angle of about fifty 
degrees, and covering these with cedar or hem- 
lock boughs or bark, or by thatching, as in the 
case of the shanty already described. If either 
style of roof is put on properly, it will shed a 
heavy rain. The ends may be inclosed with 
either boughs or bark. 

Another form of temporary shelter is made by 
leaning a pole, ten or twelve feet long, against a 
large green tree (or by placing the up]3er end in 
the fork of a small tree), letting the other rest on 
the ground, and leaning bark or boughs against it, 



HOW TO MAKE CAMPS. 91 

spreading them so as to make the lodge five or 
six feet wide at the front end, and tapering to a 
point at the rear. The fire may be built against 
the tree on which the pole leans, but care must 
be taken not to allow it to reach and burn away 
the ridge-pole. 

A comfortable winter camp may be made, 
when the snow is deep, by simply digging a hole 
in it to the ground, of the size required for your 
bed, constructing your ' ' lean-to ' ' on either of the 
plans just described, and then banking up the 
back and sides of it with snow, not, however, car- 
rying the snow high enough so that in case it 
melts the water may run in on you. If the camp 
be not built facing a large standing tree, it should 
face and be within three or four feet of a large 
log, three feet in diameter, at least, in order that 
the fire may be made against it, and that the 
heat may thus be thrown into the lodge. 

When the snow is packed hard, a house may 
be built from it by cutting it into square blocks, 
and building them up as you would blocks of 
stoiie. The house may be built round, a hole 
left in the top, and a small fire maintained in the 
center, without danger of melting the walls. 

A shelving rock has often been utilized as a 
shelter for a night or longer, and in the mount- 
ains admirable lodges of this kind may often be 
found. In some cases I have found a cleft of this 
kind, with another upright rock just the right 
distance away to answer for a '' backlog," and 
by building a fire against this, have had a most 
comfortable bed-chamber. 



02 CAMPIN(1 AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

In the Bad Lands yoii may often find a " wash- 
out ' ' five or six feet wide, in the head of which 
you may make a cozy bivouac by simply 
spreading a bit of canvas over it or by covering 
it with boughs. This is safe in winter, but not in 
summer, on account of the possibility of rain. 

There are many other devices which old woods- 
men and mountaineers frequently resort to for 
sheltering themselves when away from their 
homes, and a little study and experience will 
enable any bright man to construct a temporary 
shelter, from the materials furnished by Nature, 
wherever night may overtake him. 



CHAPTER XII. 

HOW TO MAKE A CAMP-FIRE. 

Every old hunter gets tired when he sees a 
novice undertake to build a camp-fire. It would 
seem that common-sense should teach any man 
of ordinary intelligence so simple a thing as 
laying a quantity of wood together in such a way 
as to make it burn to the best advantage; but, 
strange as it may seem, the great majority of men, 
when they undertake to make a camp-fire, proceed 
as if they wanted a smoke instead of a fire; and 
When they attempt to feed a fire that has already 
been made, they proceed as if trying to put it out 
instead of to replenish it. It really requires a 
good deal of mechanical skill to build a good 
camp-fire. 

I have often camped by some little coulee in 
the prairie, where the only wood was brush, and 
perhaps a few stunted green cotton-woods and box- 
elders; and while out looking for meat for supper, 
some of the tenderfeet would try to build a fire. 
They would gather some dry brush and cut some 
green sticks; these they would pile together 
without any regard to mechanical or logical order, 
and apply a match. There would be no chance 
for the air to circulate under or through the fire, 
and of course it would send out more smoke than 
flame. When we got ready to commence cook- 

(93) 



94 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

ing, there was no good place to put the frying- 
pan or coffee-pot. 

I have seen these same novices operate in the 
woods, where fuel was abundant. They would 
carry great dry logs, and pile them up in utter 
disorder— crosswise, lengthwise, or otherwise, just 
as they might happen to fall when they left the 
shoulders of the gleaners. They would burn, of 
course, when ignited, but there would not be a 
place on the fire to set a camp-kettle, and your 
face would cook before your suj)per would. 

Again, in rainy weather, I have sought out 
some dry log, and hewed a few chips and slivers 
from its under side. I have placed a couple of 
IDoles a few inches apart, lighted these slivers, and 
placed them between; and while waiting for the 
fire to start, have gone after a pail of water. 
While I have been away, some blooming idiot, 
desirous of aiding in the camp-work, has piled on 
a lot of wet poles, chunks, and brush— buried 
the whole business out of sight— and of course the 
fire, what there was of it, has gone up in smoke. 

These are a few of the ways not to make a cam^D- 
fire. The way to make a coolving-fire is to lay 
down two green poles, five or six inches tliick and 
two feet long, two or three feet apart, with 
notches in the upper side about ten or twelve inches 
apart. These we will call the "dog -irons" or 
* ' fire-irons. ' ' Now cut two more poles, six or eight 
inches thick and about four feet long, and lay 
them in the notches in your dog-irons. Procure 
a liberal supply of dry w^ood of some kind, brush, 
split wood, bark, or chips, and start your fire on 



HOW TO MAKE A CAMP-FIRE. 95 

the ground, midway between your dog-irons. 
Your dry Avood should extend the length of your 
forestick and backlog, and the lire will soon 
spread to either end of these. The air will circu- 
late under and through your hre; and your fore- 
stick and backlog are just the right distance 
apart to set your camj) -kettle, frying-pan, and 
coffee-pot on. 

If you are going to cook more than one meal in 
this place, it will j)ay you to put up a crane. This 
is built as follows: Cut two green sticks, two 
inches thick and three feet long; drive them 
into the ground a foot from either end of your 
lire, and sx)lit the toj) end of eacli with the ax. 
Then cut another pole of same size, and long 
enough to reach from one of these posts to the 
other; flatten the ends, and insert them in the 
splits. The posts should be of such height that 
when this pole is iDassed through the bail of the 
camp-kettle its bottom will swing just clear of 
the fire. Now cut a hooked limb that Avill hang 
well on the pole, and in the shank of it cut a 
notch, in which you can insert the bail of the 
coffee-pot, and in such a position that it will also 
hang near the fire. All this is but the work of 
five or ten minutes; and then, if either your fore-' 
stick or backlog should burn in two and take a 
tumble, or if some awkward Jake should acci- 
dentally dislodge one of them while feeding the 
fire, your supper goes on cooking just the same, 
and you feel a blamed sight more comfortable 
than if the camx)-kettle had turned over and filled 
your boots full of red-hot soup. 



96 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

After supper is over, you may want a good big 
fire in front of your tent, or in front of the place 
wliere your tent would be if you had one. If there 
happens to be a big log in the right place, and it be 
green, or wet, or rotten, so that it will quit burn- 
ing when you quit firing, and so that there is no 
danger of its setting the woods on fire after you 
are gone, put down a coujile of dog-irons and a 
fores tick, as already described, and build a fire 
against it; or, if there should be a big bowlder or 
a big ledge of rock at hand, as will often happen 
in the mountains, this makes a capital backlog. 

If neither of these ready-made articles are 
where they should be, you must rustle your back- 
log; and I can not do better than quote here 
from Nessmuk his description of a camp-fire, that 
he and a companion built in the woods on a win- 
ter night, and which every old woodsman will tell 
you was properly built. 

He says: "We first felled a thrifty butternut- 
tree, ten inches in diameter, cut off three lengths 
of five feet each, and carried them to camp. These 
were the backlogs. Two stout stakes were driven 
at the back of the fire, and the logs, on top of each 
other, were laid firmly against the stakes. The 
latter were slanted a little back, and the largest 
log placed at the bottom, the smallest on top, to 
prevent tipping forward. A couple of short, thick 
sticks were laid with the ends against the bottom 
log, by way of fire-dogs; a forestick, five feet long 
and five inches in diameter, a well-built pyramid 
of bark, knots, and small logs, completed the camp- 
fire, which sent a pleasant glow of warmth and 



HOW TO MAKE A CAMP-P^IRE. 97 

heat to the farthest corner of the shanty. For 
'night wood,' we cut a dozen ash and birch poles, 
from four to six inches across, trimmed them to 
the tips, and dragged them to camp. AVe had a 
bright, cheery tire from the early evening until 
morning, and four tired hunters never slept more 
soundly. ^ * ^ We selected butternut for 
backlogs, because, when green, it burns slowly and 
lasts a longtime." 



CHAPTER, XIII. 



GETTING LOST. 



Almost anyone who goes into the woods or 
mountains only occasionally is liable to get lost. 
Indeed, professional guides and market-hunters, 
men who spend nearly all their time in the woods, 
sometimes get lost in localities where they have 
hunted for years. I once employed as guide an 
old skin-hunter and trapper in Northern Michigan, 
who got lost on our first trip into the woods, within 
ten miles of his cabin, and on ground over which 
he had hunted and trapped for years. 

We started out in the morning to hunt deer, 
over a certain tract of country, intending to reach 
a certain logging-camp by noon. I suggested tak- 
ing a lunch along, but he declined to join in the 
scheme, insisting that we should be at the camp in 
time for dinner. I knew how many slips there are 
between the cup and the camp, and put several 
good fat sandwiches in my pocket. We tramped 
till 2 o' clock without finding the camp. 

Then the old man said it must be farther to the 
log-camp than he had supposed, and if I didn't 
mind he would join me in one of those biscuits. 
We ate them, drank full rations of cold water from 
a convenient brook, and went on hunting — the log- 
camp. At dark we were as far from it as in the 
morning, for anything we could tell by sights or 

(99) 



100 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

sounds, and were also several miles from our own 
camp. The old man scratched his head. We had 
crossed several old, abandoned tote roads during 
the day, but he was sure that neither of them led 
to the camp he was headed for, nor to any other 
then in use, for that matter. He finally admitted 
that he was lost, ' ' teetotally lost. ' ' 

We went back a short distance to one of the old 
roads, and followed it by starlight as far as we 
could, hox3ing it might take us somewhere. It 
finally got so blind we couldn' t see it, and then 
we followed it by the sense of feeling. We came 
into a hard-wood country, where the ground was 
covered to a depth of several feet with dry leaves. 
We shuffled along in these, lost the road time 
and again, but felt around with our feet until we 
found it again, and kept on. Finally, we seemed 
to have come to the end of the road. We could 
find no trace of it farther on, and at 9 o'clock the 
old guide, the man who had ''hunted them woods 
for ten year, and knowed every foot of 'em," 
called a halt. 

We built two big log fires, gathered a cord or so 
of "night wood," laid down between the fires, and 
were soon asleep. It was late in October, and the 
night was cold. We woke up every hour or so, 
half-frozen, and a good deal hungrier than the 
wolves that were howling about us. We would 
get up, replenish the fire, execrate our "luck,' 
and go to sleep again. 

We wore out the night, and in the morning were 
well-nigh worn out ourselves; but at daylight the 
old man took his bearings, and we started to hunt — 



GETTING LOST. 101 

for our own camp. We luid gone two or three 
miles when we heard voices, and hunting up their 
owners, found a log-drive. It was now the very 
witching hour of 9 a. m., and the way we waded 
into the corn-beef, baked beans, potatoes, and 
bread that the cook set before us, would have 
paralyzed an Indian. 

After breakfast we asked some questions, and 
learned that the log-camp we had been looking 
for was ten or twelve miles away, and our own 
camp about the same distance in another direc- 
tion. Moral: Any man is liable to get lost in the 
woods. 

Moral No. 2: Never leave camp without a lunch 
in your pocket. 

If you go out alone and get lost, don't get 
excited. Keep cool. Sit down and rest awhile. 
Smoke, if you're a smoker, or lay down and take 
a nap. If you hapiDen to have a book or paper in 
your pocket, take it out and read awhile. If it is 
lunch-time, eat your lunch. Then think awhile. 
If you are bright, you wall have taken your bear- 
ings thoroughly before leaving camp. You will 
have noted the points of the compass and any 
XDrominenfc landmarks in the neighborhood of 
your camp. 

Now clear away the leaves with a stick, and 
draw a map of the country, so far as you know it, 
on the ground. Note and trace carefully any roads, 
trails, or streams in the neighborhood, and the 
directions in which they run. Remember which 
side of the stream, the road, or the trail your 
camp is on. Remember what direction you 



102 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

started in when you left camj), and, if i^ossible, 
tlie various directions in which you have traveled 
since. Now figure out where this would put you. 
Figure out, for instance, that if the creek on 
which your camp is pitched runs from east to 
west, that if you started north in the morning, and 
have not since crossed that creek, you must still 
be north of it, and that, therefore, 3 ou must go 
south to reach it. You may, however, have 
crossed other creeks since leaving camp. If so, 
recall how many, and thus you will know how 
many you must recross before you can reach the 
one your camp is on. The same as to roads or 
trails. 

Now if your mind is perfectly cool and col- 
lected, if you know, or think you know, which 
way you want to go, strike out. Hold your com- 
pass in your hand, and consult it every i\ve min- 
utes, for the impulse to circle, when you are lost, 
is well-nigh uncontrollable. Don't quarrel with 
your compass, and imagine it is out of order. If 
you have provided yourself with a good one, as 
you should, it is all right, and you must follow 
its lead. 

Before leaving camp you probably agreed with 
your companions on a signal of distress, to be fired 
in case anyone should want heli3; at least you 
should have done so. Now fire this signal. If 
none has been agreed on, fire that whicli is gener- 
ally understood among hunters, namely, one shot, 
wait two or three minutes, and then two shots in 
quick succession; but don't repeat this so often 
as to shoot away all your cartridges, for you may 



GETTING LOST. 103 

be out several days, and in that case may have to 
depend on your gun for your living. 

If night overtakes you before you find camp or 
anyone finds you, go to work and make a camj). 
Cut a long pole, with your hunting-knife or 
hatchet, whichever you carry; lean it i\\) against 
a large green tree. Now cut some long green 
boughs, and lean them against this X3ole, sxDread- 
ing them out on either side, so as to make a com- 
fortable little house. Then build a fire against 
the root of the tree, so that its heat will be reflected 
into your house. Gather an abundant sapi3ly of 
wood to use through the long night. 

Now if you have brought a lunch with you, 
eat it. If not, it is to be hoped yon have been 
fortunate enough, at some time during the day, 
to have killed a grouse, a squirrel, or a rabbit, if 
nothing larger. If you have a bag of salt in your 
pocket (and no bright sportsman ever leaves camp 
without this), you can make a good meal on meat 
straight. If you have not succeeded in getting a 
shot, you may have been fortunate enough to 
have caught a few fish at some brook, since you 
learned that you were lost (for, of course, you 
always carry a hook and line in your pocket), and 
fish straight will taste mighty good, now that you 
are hungry. If you have failed to i^rocure food 
of either kind, your lot is indeed a hard one; but 
you must hope for luck soon after resuming your 
tramp in the morning. Still, keep up your cour- 
age. Don't bemoan your lot, and don't imagine 
you are never going to find camp, or be found. 
Make up your mind that you might just as well 



104 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

be where you are- as anywhere; that if you were 
not here, you might be in a blamed sight worse 
place; you might be just where you are with a 
broken leg, or with an arm shot off, and so long 
as you are sound you are in big luck. 

In the morning, get up and go on the even tenor 
of your way. Keep your head level and your 
course straight. Don't get excited and go to 
running. If you do, you are sure to get to cir- 
cling. Don't wear yourself out with worrying. 
In short, don't make a condemned fool of your- 
self. 

The chances are that you will soon get out; 
but, if you don't, what of it? Think of the hun- 
dreds of men who designedly live in these woods 
or mountains, for months at a time, with no other 
resources than those you have at hand; and you 
can do it just as well as they, if you only think 
so. Many a man has got lost and staid lost a 
week or a month, and come out smiling in the 
end. Many another has got lost, got scared, 
excited; has gone to running; has run himself 
down, and died of starvation and exhaustion, or, 
when found by his friends, has been a raving 
maniac. Which will you do ? You will undoubt- 
edly show yourself a philosopher, and if you do 
not find camp or some human being within a day 
or two, you will start down some water- 
course, and follow it till it takes you somewhere. 
This remedy is infallible. Follow any stream on 
this continent, and it will conduct you to a settle- 
ment sooner or later. This course may necessitate 
the wading or swimming of some converging 



GETTING LOST. 105 

streams, but even this may be better than roam- 
ing aimlessly in the woods, and, possibly, travel- 
ing from camp or the settlement instead of 
toward it. 



CHAPTER XIY. 
don'ts. 

Don't carry a revolver on a camping-trip. It is 
as useless there as an ax in a millinery-store. 
Man is about the only animal that ever gets hit 
with it, and he is in constant danger when there 
is one in his school district. You can do all the 
shooting necessary with a rifle or shotgun, and 
are not so likely to bag your friend. 

Don't point a gun toward your companion 
simply because it isn' t loaded. If you do, he will 
be perfectly justifiable in breaking your neck with 
a club. Don't point a gun toward yourself or 
anyone else under any circumstances. Always 
adhere to this rule religiously. Then if you 
should have an accidental discharge, no harm 
will be done. 

Don't shirk the duties of camp, even though 
they are laborious and you are tired. Do your 
full share, and don't lay down till the work is all 

done. 

Don't disagree with your friends just for the 
sake of an argument. This style of conversation 
soon becomes tiresome, and in time breeds dislike. 

Don't get mad and quarrel with your friends, 
even though the weather be disagreeable or the 
trail bad. Keep your temper. Everybody hates 
a kicker, while a kind word and a smile will often 
drive away an impending storm. 



(10?) 



108 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

Don't borrow too mucli. Everyone gets tired 
of a man who borrows everything. Carry as 
many of the little tricks with you as possible. 
Carry a full toilet-case, with soap, towel, hair- 
brush, comb, needles, thread, buttons, safety- 
pins, and all. Carry a full cleaning outfit for your 
gun and a full line of fishing-tackle. These things 
cost but little, weigh but a trifle, and it is, or should 
be, much pleasanter to use your ow^n than to bor- 
row. 

Don't neglect your personal appearance simply 
because you are in the w^oods. Be just as cleanly 
in your habits as if at home. Keep your hands 
and face clean, unless you have to keep them 
painted as a protection against mosquitoes. I 
once started on a long liunting-tri]3 with a man, 
and after we had gone a few miles I asked him if 
he had remembered to bring his soap, towels, 
tooth-brush, etc. He said, "No, I never care a 
d — n for those things when I'm in camp." I 
devoutly hoiked he would get drowned before we 
went far, but, alas! he did not. He lived through 
it, and looked and smelled worse than a nigger 
when we got home. 

Don' t wear soiled underclothes. Wash them, 
or have them washed, as often as you would at 
home. 

Don't get U13 in the morning and commence 
cooking breakfast without first washing your 
hands and face. Don't tramj) on your friends' 
bedding wdth your muddy boots. 

Don' t smoke or spit in the tent, if such things 
ar^3 distasteful to any one of your companions. 



don'ts. 109 

Don't speak unkindly of any member of the party 
who happens to be out of hearing, but defend 
him, Idndly and generously, if anyone else 
assails him. 

Don't be a pig about your eating. Be just as 
courteous at meals in camp as at home. 

DonH blow if you happen to kill the largest 
deer, or the most birds, or if you catch the largest 
fish. Rather be sorry that your friends have not 
been as fortunate as yourself. 

Don't be displeased if someone else has had 
better luck hunting or fishing than yourself. Con- 
gratulate him heartily, and let him see that you 
feel what you say. 

Don't allow your friend to do all the rowing, 
while you do all the shooting or fishing. Insist 
that you do your share of the work, and that he 
have his share of the fun. It is just as much fun 
to see your companion handle a fish skillfully, 
or make a fine shot, as to do it yourself, if you 
only have a large enough heart to feel that way 
about it. 

Don't be selfish. Be generous, be magnani- 
mous, be kind, be hospitable, be a gentleman— a 
sportsman. It is more blessed to give than to 
receive, to lend than to borrow, to do for others 
than to be done for. This is my sermon. Amen. 



CHAPTER XV. 

CHECK-LISTS. 

Every sportsman has, when starting on a camp- 
ing-trip, found more or less difficulty in making 
up his list of articles to be taken along. Many a 
man has wrestled for days, and even weeks, with 
the questions of what to take and what not to take, 
and then, when he got away from his base of sup- 
plies, has found that he has forgotten some need- 
ful article, and when he gets ready to go home, finds 
that he has brought several articles that have not 
been needed. It is to obviate such difficulties, 
and to simplify the matter of preiDaration for 
camp-life, that the following lists have been made. 
They will be found to enumerate about everything 
actually necessary for comfort and convenience, 
under the conditions named in connection there- 
with; but items may, of course, be added to, or 
deducted from, any of them to suit any special 
conditions, or the individual tastes of those inter- 
ested. Blank lines have been left at the foot of 
each list for that purpose. I must again caution 
the young sportsman against carrying luxuries on 
a camping- trip ; they add to the expense, care, 
and labor of the trip, and a little self-denial will 
enable you to be just as comfortable without as 
you would be with them. 

For a larger or smaller number of persons, or 
(111) 



112 CAMPIIS^G AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

for longer or shorter trips than indicated at the 
head of these lists, the requisite quantity of sup- 
plies may, of course, be determined by subtract- 
ing or multiplying. For high northern, or low 
southern latitudes, and for mid- summer or mid- 
winter trips ill any latitude, the quantity of cloth- 
ing and bedding will, of course, be varied in the 
judgment of the party outfitting, the other sup- 
plies and equipments being as nearly correct for 
either case as any general list can be made. 

For winter outings, or for summer or fall, in 
timbered countries, it will generally be found 
necessary to carry grain for your horses. In sum- 
mer or autumn, on the plains or in the mountains, 
they can usually live well on grass, if not worked 
too hard. En route to the hunting-grounds, you 
will generally be able to buy feed of ranchmen as 
cheaply as at the railroad, and save transporta- 
tion. Your guide, packer, or teamster will be 
able to advise you on these points. 

When preparing for your trip, check off each 
item on the list you have chosen as you procure 
and pack it, so that you may know when your 
outfit is complete. 

CHECK-LISTS OF ARTICLES CONSTITUTING CAMP 
OUTFITS. 

With reference to the first of the following 
lists, it may be noted that a strong man can 
carry fifty pounds ten or fifteen miles a day, 
comfortably, when accustomed to it. If traveling 
by canoe, the only addition necessary to make to 
the loads, in case of portages, would be the canoe 



CHECK-LISTS. H^ 

and paddles. If no long portages are to be made, 
a photograph camera should be taken along, 
and a few other luxuries may be added to the 
list. 

The total weight of such articles, enumerated 
in the second list, as are to be carried on the 
pack-animals, is about 320 pounds, or 160 
pounds to each animal. With these loads they 
will travel, comfortably, twenty to thirty-five 
miles a day. As the provisions and cartridges 
are used up, skins, heads, or other trophies may 
be added to the loads in their stead. No animal 
should be allowed to carry more than 250 pounds, 
and small ones not more than 150 to 200. Over- 
loading is cruel, and is nearly sure to cause sore 
backs. 

If more than one pack-animal to each man is 
provided, then a folding boat, folding cots, 
chairs, and even a table, may be carried. A 
sheet-iron cook-stove may be taken, but adds 
greatly to the labor of packing and but little to 
the comfort or convenience of the party. For a 
larger or smaller party, or for a longer or shorter 
outing, the requisite quantity of supplies may 
be determined by multiplication or subtraction. 

The dotted lines are intended to hold mem- 
oranda of any articles that it may be deemed 
necessary to add in special cases. 



Duplicate copies of these lists may be obtained by inclosing a 
two-cent stamp to G. O. Shields, 148 Monroe Street, Chicago. 



114 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

SUPPLIES FOR TWO MEN FOR A TEN-DAYS' TRIP ON FOOT. 



10 pounds hard bread. 
14 pounds bacon. 
3 pounds dried apples or 
peaches. 

2 pounds salt. 

3 pounds sugar. 

2 pounds coffee, roasted and 

ground, — or, 
i pound tea. 

1 sleeping bag, or blankets. 

2 rifles or guns. 
100 cartridges, 

2 fishing rods. 

2 reels. 

Hooks, lines, flies, reels, etc. 

2 belts and hunting knives. 

2 pocket knives. 

1 tent. 

2 pack straps. 

I suits extra underwear, in 
bags. 

4 pairs socks. 



2 rubber coats. "^ 
t compasses. 
^ watches. 
1 camp kettle. 
1 frying pan. 
1 wire broiler. 
1 stew pan. 

1 coffee pot. 
M tin plates. 

2 spoons. 

2 tin cups. 

1 dish cloth. 

S2 pounds tobacco. 

2 pipes. 

1 map. 
300 matches. 

2 water-proof match boxes. 
2 ounces insect lotion. 

2 cakes soap. 
2 towels. 
2 tooth brushes. 
Supply of small change. 



Total weight about 90 pounds. 

It is possible to curtail this list slightly, but not without some 
sacrifice of comfort. 



CHECK-LISTS. 



115 



SUPPLIES FOR TWO MEN FOR TEN DAYS, TRAVELING WITH 

TWO SADDLE-HORSES AND TWO ?ACK-HORSES, 

SUaOIEE OR FALL. 

2 saddle horses. 2 bags to carry clothing in. 

2 pack horses. 4 pairs buckskin moccasins. 

2 riding saddles. 1 camp kettle. 

2 pack saddles. Stamped envelopes and paper. 

2 bridles. 1 frying pan. 

4 saddle blankets. 1 wire broiler. 

4 picket ropes. 1 stew pan. 

2 sling ropes. 1 coffee pot. 

2 lash ropes. 2 tin plates. 

2 cinches. 2 spoons. 

2 manteaus. 2 knives. 

50 feet quarter-inch rope. 2 forks. 

50 feet half -inch rope. 2 tin cups. 

2 gun slings. 2 dish cloths. 

2 rifles or guns. 1 box matches. 

200 cartridges. 2 water-proof pocket match 

2 cleaning outfits for guns. boxes. 

1 small can of oil. 20 pounds flour, or 

2 belts. 15 pounds hard bread. 
2 hunting knives. 14 pounds bacon. 

2 skinning knives. 3 lbs. dried apples or peaches. 

2 pocket knives. 3 pounds oat or rye meal. 

2 steels. ' 3 pounds beans. 

1 map. 3 pounds rice. 

2 compasses. 2 pounds salt. 

2 watches. }£ pound pepper. 

2 pack straps. 3 pounds sugar. 

2 prs. goggles or smoked glasses. 2 lbs. roasted and ground coffee, 

2 pairs ear muffs. or % pound tea. 

1 photograph camera. 2 pounds desiccated vegetables. 

3 dozen celluloid plates. 2 pounds tobacco. 

2 fishing rods. 2 pipes. 

2 reels and lines. 2 toilet cases, each containing 

12 bait hooks, assorted sizes. soap, tow^els, tooth-brush, 

12 flies, assorted colors. needles, thread, buttons, 

2 sleeping bags, or safety-pins, and other 

3 pairs heavy wool blankets. small articles. 

2 pillows. 1 kit tools and materials for re- 

1 tent. pairing camp equipage, etc. 

2 sheets, canvas. 4 horse shoes. 

2 suits heavy w^oolen clothes, 1 pound horse nails. 

4 heavy woolen undershirts. 2 pounds pow^dered alum, for 
4 pairs heavy woolen drawers. curing skins. 

4 heavy w^oolen outside shirts. Supply of small change. 

6 ]:)airs heavy woolen socks. 

2 light fe t hats. 

2 pairs buckskin gloves. 

2 rubber coats. 

2 pairs rubber hip boots. 

2 pairs heavy leather shoes. 



116 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



SUPPLIES FOR TWO MEN FOR TEN DAYS, TRAVELING BY TEAM, 
SUMMER OR FALL. 

1 team and its equipment. 1 frying pan. 
50 feet quarter-inch rope. 1 wire broiler. 
50 feet half-inch rope. 1 stew pan. 

3 rifles or guns. 1 bread pan. 

2 gun slings. 1 coffee pot, 
200 cartridges. 1 Dutch oven. 

2 cleaning outfits for guns. 2 tin plates. 

1 small can of oil " " 1 folding rubber bucket. 

3 belts. 2 spoons. 
3 hunting knives. 2 knives. 
3 skinning knives. 2 forks. 

2 pocket knives. 2 tin cups. 

2 steels. 2 dish cloths. 

2 compasses. 1 bar laundry soap. 

3 watches. ^ 1 box matches. 

3 pack straps. ' 2 waterproof pocket match 

1 map. boxes. 

2 prs.goggles or smoked glasses. 20 pounds flour, or 
Stamped envelopes and paper. 15 pounds hard bread. 

2 pairs ear muffs. 14 pounds bacon. 

1 photograph camera. 2 pounds dried apples, 
24 celluloid plates. 2 pounds dried peaches. 

2 fishing rods. 2 pounds dried apricots. 
2 reels and lines. 3 pounds ont or rye meal. 

12 bait hooks, assorted sizes. 2 pounds beans. 

13 flies, assorted colors. 2 pounds rice. 
2 sleeping bags, or 5 pounds salt. 

4 pairs heavy wool blankets. i pound pepper. 
2 mattresses, or 3 pounds sugar. 

2 folding cot beds. 2 pounds roasted and ground 

2 pillows, coffee, or 

1 tent. i pound tea. 

1 camp cooking stove. 25 pounds potatoes. 

2 sheets, canvas, 4x8 feet. 2 pounds tobacco. 

1 folding camp table. 2 pipes. 

2 folding camp chairs. 2 toilet cases, each containing 
1 hammock. soap, towels, tooth brush, 

3 suits heavy woolen clothes. hair brush, needles, thread, 

4 heavy woolen undershirts. buttons, safety pins, etc. 

4 pairs heavy woolen drawers, 1 kit tools and materials for 

4 heavy woolen outside shirts, repairing wagon, camp 

6 pairs heavy woolen socks. equipage, etc. 

3 light felt hats. 4 horse shoes. 

3 pairs buckskin gloves. 25 horse nails. 

3 rubber coats. 3 pounds powdered alum for. 

3 pairs rubber hip boots. curing skins. 

3 pairs heavy leather shoes. Supply of small change. 

4 pairs moccasins. 

3 bags to carry clothing in . 

1 folding canvas boat. 

1 camp kettle. 



LIST OF guid:es. 



117 



I have employed at different times several of 
the men whose names and post -office addresses are 
given below, and have found them skillful guides, 
well acquainted wdth the sections of the country 
in which they live, and who can be relied upon 
to conduct visiting sportsmen to the best game 
ranges and fishing waters. Those whom I do not 
know personally are recommended to me as being 
faithful and capable guides. 





NAME. 


RATES PER DAY. 


p. O. ADDRESS. 


For 
Guide. 

$3 00 to 
5.00 

4 00 


^11 


u^'5 

m 




Aitken, Minn 


...Wm. Smith ] 

A. Kempon ' 

C. C. Sutton [ 

J. Lyons J 

...Vic. Smith ( 

Dick Rock ( 

..*J. C. Rosser 






$5.00 
4.00 


Allerdice, Mont 

Brainerd, Minn 


$2 00 


$1.00 




*Geo. A. Keene 










Big Timber, Mont . . 
Bozeman, Mont 


. B. T. Rogers 


5.00 

5.00 to 
6.00 

includ- 
ing 

horse. 

3.00 to 
4.00 

5.00 


3.00 
2.00 

1.00 

1.00 
to 

3.00 
2.00 


1.00 
1.50 

1.00 

1.00 
to 

3.0O 
1.00 


6 00 


..^Walter Cooper 

Ira Dodge 1 

E. W.Robbins 

Jas. Fisher 

Chas. Williams 

Fred Veo 

Nels. Catlin 


4.00 


Billings, Mont 


...H. D. Claflin } 


4 00 




Ed. Newman ) 




Como, Mont 

Dawson, N. Dak 


...F. Overterf 

...J. J. Gookey 


5 00 




L. C. Pettibone 


2.00 
2 00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 






4.00 










4 00 




F. H. Benjamin. . 


i.bb 

1.00 
1.00 




4 00 


Dickinson, Dak 

Detroit, Minn 


...Jno. Hanley 

Grant Chase 

J. W. Grueschaus 

...E. Haskins 


4.00 
4.00 
4.00 




G. Learman 






5 00 




J. B. Hilyar 










Wliipple & Spicer 






5.00 


Glendive, Mont 


...J. H. Ray 


3.00 
4 00 
5.00 


3.00 
2.00 
5.00 
1.00 
1.00 


2.0O 
1.00 
5.00 
1.00 
1.00 


5 00 


Grantsdale, Mont. . . 


...H. Ridenour. 




Hope, Idaho 






Horse Plains, Mont. . 


..*A. A. Metcalf. 


4 00 


Lake Park, Minn . . . . 


*J. A. McGowan 

...E. G. Marchant. . . 




4.00 
5 00 


Livingston, Mont. . . . 


..*W. F. Sheard 




2.00 
1.00 


1.50 
1.00 


4.00 




Wittich Bros 


5.0O 


5.00 



118 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 





NAME. 


RATES PER DAY. 


p. O. ADDRESS. 


For 
Guide. 




.^1 




Lyon, Mont 

Medora, N. Dak 


...M. P.Dunham 


$5 00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 


$2.o6' 

2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2 00 
2.00 


S1.50 
2.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 


$4.66 

4 00 




Chas. Eaton 


Mingusville, Mont... 


Isander Nollitt 


3 00 


Jas. T. Tarbell 


3 00 


Miles City, Mont 


*L A Huffman 


4 00 


Jas McNanny . 


5 00 
5.00 
3.00 


4 00 


Missoula, Mont 

Osooyas Lake, B. C. . 
Perham, Minn 


...A, Plummer 

. . . Frank Richter 


400 


. *L. E. Davidson 


5 00 


Richardton, N. Dak . 


...J.S.White 








4 00 


Ruby City, Wash.... 
Steele, N. Dak 


. * J. A. Loomis 




2.00 


1.00 




...C. G. Watkins 




3.50 




G. W. Grimshaw 








3 50 


Sand Point, Idaho... 


. . . Henry Baldwin 


4.00 


1 00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 


1.00 
1 00 
1 00 
1.00 
1.00 




Stevensville, Mont . . 


. . F. J. Wheeler 




Seattle, Wash 


. *W. A. Perry . 




4 00 


Thetis, Wash 

Wisdom, Mont 


. . Orrin Belknap 

...Jas. Rasor 


5.00 
3.00 


4 00 



* Not professional guides, but gentlemen sportsmen who are well informed 
as to the game and fishing in their neighborhoods, and who always take 
pleasure in giving visiting sportsmen all necessary points, assisting them in 
procuring guides, outfits, etc. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

CAMP COOKERY. 
By Col. J. Fry Lawrence. 
'•'Dum vimmus^ mvamus,'' is one of the good 
old sayings that animated the souls of the ancients 
as well as of the present age, and which, if fol- 
lowed in a rational way, will doubtless add many 
years to a man's life. Liberally translated, it 
means that we may as well possess ourselves of 
all of the good things that Nature has so lavishly 
bestowed upon us, rather than be satisfied with 
the husks and crusts of every-day life. In other 
words, it is best to make a study of those points 
that conduce to our pleasure and happiness in all 
of our surroundings, even if these points lead to 
the culinary department of a camp-life. 

Who will deny that there is magical music in 
these words'^ Camp-life, in its general acceptation, 
lifts us, Monte Cristo like, into an elevated atmos- 
phere, far above general events, and enables iis to 
float, in a dreamy, hazy flood of real and antici- 
pated pleasure, Avhich, although often accom- 
panied with hardship and danger, always bears 
its charm; and a bed of straw or pine-boughs, in 
camp, is as soft and refreshing as one of roses or 
of down at home. We love to linger and dwell 
upon the recollections of our term in camp, and 
to talk over and over again the delights enjoyed. 
It can not always be painted as of a dolce far 

(119) 



120 CAMPING ANB CAMP OUTFITS. 

niente^ a life unalloyed and untainted with vexa- 
tion and danger, for the many manly darings and 
escapes upon flood and field are themes worthy 
of a poet's or a novelist's pen; are enjoyed by old 
and young, king and peasant, and until the end 
of time will always be thus. The camp-fire, the 
after- supper pipe, the cool spring water, the minty 
quaff, the fizz of the Amber, the talk-over of the 
day' s events, the golden sparks from the wooden 
fire, the chirp of the whip-poor-will, or the 
howl of the wolf, the whistling of the mallard's 
wing, or the leap of the salmon as he takes his 
evening si^ort — all have their resting-i3lace in our 
memory. The tame present sinks into forgetful- 
ness, and our mind revels only in the dreams of 
the past. Is not this true to the letter ? 

My object in writing here is not to amuse, but 
to try and impart to the reader some of the rules 
of camp-cooking that are necessary to health, to 
pleasing the taste, and thus to the full enjoyment 
of his outing. In preparing the many " tid-bits " 
that usually abound in the hunter s and angler's 
camp, a practical knowledge of cookery is essen- 
tial. This I shall try to impart, leaving unnoticed 
all the intricate dishes that require the skill of a 
scientific and artistic cook. 

As many young men, who have never been 
trained in cookery of any class, go into camp and 
attempt to live on food of their own j)reparing, I 
deem it well to begin at the bottom, and to give 
directions for the preparation of the most com- 
mon, e very-day dishes as well as the more delicate 
ones. 



ca:mp cookery. 131 

In the case of many of the following recipes, it 
is assumed that you are camping in a settled coun- 
try, where milk, butter, eggs, etc., can be had, or 
that your larder is well stocked Avith the usual 
list that goes to make up a camper's outfit. 

To begin with, it must be settled from tlie start 
that absolute cleanliness of premises, and of ves- 
sels used in cooking, must be the rule, health and 
pleasure demanding this. 

COFFEE. 

Scald your colfee-pot well after each meal, for 
purification. Grind your coffee moderately fine, 
and allow one tablespoon heaping full of ground 
coffee to each pint of water. If not strong enough 
to suit your taste and that of your friends, add 
more. If your party requires two quarts of coffee, 
place in your coffee-pot three quarts to start with, 
thus allowing for the evaporation and boiling 
down. First boil the water, then set the pot near 
the fire, put in your coffee, let it simmer and boil 
for thirty minutes on hot ashes and coals, and 
then set aside, close to the fire to keep hot until 
your meal is ready. Clarify by dropping in the 
white and shell of a raw egg, if you have it. If 
not, a third of a cup of cold water poured in will 
answer the same purpose. 

TEA. 

Place your tea-pot close to the fire, but not on 
it. Allow one heaping teaspoonf ul of tea for each 
person. Place in pot, and ponr in boiling water 
in sufficient quantity; cover the top securely to 
retain the heat and aroma, and let it draw for 



122 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

twenty or thirty minutes. It is good either hot or 
cold. 

CORN OR EGG BREAD. 

Mix a sufficient quantity of meal in a tin j)an or 
other vessel that will hold water; salt to taste; 
put in a piece of lard or bacon grease; add two or 
three raw eggs, pour on 'boiling loater, and mix to 
a thick and stiff batter. Melt a little grease in a 
Dutch oven, pour in the batter, and cook to a light 
brown, with coals and hot ashes under the oven, 
and hot coals of fire on top of the lid. It is well 
to heat your lid on the fire while you are mixing, 
but not hot enough to burn the bread. It is also 
well not to put in the raw eggs until you have 
made the batter with the boiling water and meal; 
then beat in the eggs with a spoon, otherwise the 
eggs would be literally cooked, and would not 
mix. You can also fry the batter in a frying-pan, 
the pan being moistened with lard or a bacon-rind. 
Brown on both s^des, and eat hot, with plenty of 
butter. 

BISCUITS. 

Take two pints of flour, add a teaspoonf ul of salt, 
one of yeast (quick), and a lump of lard about the 
size of an egg. Mix flour, lard, and salt well 
by working the lard into the flour with your 
fingers. Pour in gradually enough tepid or cold 
water to mix into a stiff dough, work it well with 
the palms of both hands until all is pliable and 
thoroughly mixed, then make into the usual 
sized biscuits; stick the prongs of a fork three 
times into each one, and bake in a Dutch oven or 
stove. This will give you good beaten biscuits. 



CAMP COOKERY. 128 

It is not necessary to put in any yeast if you want 
purely beaten biscuits, or if you use the patent 
self-raising flour. Remember, always, that to bake 
in an oven you must have the heat on top as well 
as under the oven. 

TO ROAST MEATS IN A DUTCH OVEN. 

Put about one inch of water in oven, and season 
with salt and pepper, so as to have a gravy for 
basting the meat while cooking, thus preventing 
its becoming too dry. Make a mop by tying a 
clean rag to the end of a stick; remove the lid 
frequently, and baste the roast with the gravy. 
When done, remove the meat onto a dish; put 
into the gravy a pinch of flour to thicken, and 
pour over the roast. If your roast is thick or 
tough, parboil in camp-kettle from thirty min- 
utes to an hour before placing in the oven; then 
roast to a nice brown. Birds and small game 
maybe thus baked; but put very little water in 
with them, and add a little lard to the gravy. 
Baste as above. 

It is a settled fact among good eaters that game 
and fish broiled is preferable to that fried; but in 
many instances the latter mode is followed, as the 
easier and more convenient of the two. If you 
are to fry your meats, be sure to remember that 
the lard or butter, whichever is used, must be, as 
it were, red-hot, thus preventing the absorbing 
and soaking in of too much grease, which ruins 
the health and spoils the flavor of the dish. It 
is a well-known fact that as soon as the game 
touches the boiling lard an incrustation is formed. 



1^4 CAMPING AND CAMP OtJTFITS. 

which is impenetrable to the grease, and the bast- 
ing of butter, pei3per, and salt is all that is 
required. 

BROILING -VENISON STEAK, CHOPS, OR SMALL 
GAME. 

Build a good log fire, and let it burn down to a 
bed of coals, so that there will be no smoke. Cut 
your steak or chops almost one inch thick, and 
season with pepper and salt. Place between the 
bars of your broiler, and place on the red-hot 
coals. Broil quickly until rare, or well done, as 
you desire, frequently turning the broiler from 
one side to the other, so that the meat will not 
have time to char. If a little charred, scrape with 
a knife, i:)lace on hot dish, season with salt, pep- 
per, and butter, and serve while hot. 

BAKING FOWLS OR FISH IN CLAY. 

Mix water and clay with your fingers into a stiff 
mud, and work until it is putty-like. Roll it out 
with a bottle to a half-inch in thickness, and large 
enough to entirely envelop the bird or fish. 
Draw your bird, wash, salt, and pepper inside, 
but leave the feathers on. Inclose it in this cake 
of mud, and smooth over the seams with your 
fingers. Big a small hole in the ground in the 
edge of a wood-fire, j)lace it in, and cover with 
hot ashes first; on the top of the hot ashes place 
live coals; replenish the coals now and then, and 
allow it to cook from one to two hours, according 
to age or size. When removed, you will find the 
clay cooked like potter's ware. Break the clay, 
and the feathers will come with it, thus leaving 



CAMP COOKERY. 125 

the bird clean and white. Baste with butter, and 
eat while hot. Clean or remove entrails of a fish, 
wash, and season with salt and j^epper; but leave 
the scales on, and treat as above. If not conven- 
ient to roll the clay out as above, it may be mixed 
thinner, and plastered into the feathers or scales. 

STEWS OF FOWLS OR OTHER SMALL GAME. 

Joint or cut up your game into small pieces, and 
place in a skillet, sauce-pan, or camp-kettle, 
according to quantity to be served. Add a couple 
of slices of breakfast bacon cut thin, a few raw 
onions jieeled and cut up, pepper and salt to taste. 
If you have any red pepper in the pod, throw in 
half a pod to season. Pour in hot water until you 
have covered the meat with about two inches of 
water on top; put the lid on, and simmer slowly 
until the water has boiled down, say one-half, 
or until it becomes thick or milky from the juices 
extracted from the game. If it is too thin to be 
palatable, thicken with grated crackers, or a i)aste 
of water and flour, mixed in a tin cuj) and poured 
into the stew. Stew this dish as directed, and 
you will have a sweet morsel of game and gravy 
to eat with your bread or hard-tack. 

TO MAKE A COMMON FISH PALATABLE. 

Frequently the rains flood the streams so that 
you can not catch the game fishes, and must do 
the best you can with those you can get. Take 
a five or six pound cat or perch, clean and wash 
well, wrap in a cloth or toAvel, and boil until 
thoroughly done. Set aside in a dish to cool. 
Then pick or cut off all the meat, being careful to 



126 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

leave no bones. With a sliarp knife and fork, 
cut into small pieces, as if for a salad. Break in 
two or three fresh eggs, a little grated crackers or 
flour to make stick together, season with butter, 
pepper, and salt, stir and mix well, and, in cakes 
about the size of an ordinary tea biscuit, fry in 
hot lard until brown on both sides. Eat hot. 
You will like it. 

A BONY FISH. 

Scale, cut off the head, and with a sharji knife 
cut on both sides deep gashes about a quarter of an 
inch apart; rub in corn-meal, salt and pepper, and 
fry to a light brown in hot lard. You will find 
the fibrous bones cooked to crisp, and the meat 
excellent. 

SHIRRED EGGS. 

Secure cream from a farm-house. Take about 
two tablesi)oonfuls, and place in saucer, for shir- 
ring two eggs; set on stove or moderately hot ashes 
and coals until eggs are done firm. Season with 
butter, salt, and iDepper, and mix well. 

POACHED EGGS. 

Toast two j)ieces of bread to a light brown, but- 
ter, and lay on a plate. Poach your eggs in boil- 
ing milk, enough to float them, and when con- 
gealed dip carefully out, place one ^gg on each 
piece of toast, and pour enough boiled milk over 
all to moisten the toast, and season with salt, 
pepper, and butter. This, of course, is the ration 
for each member of your party. 

POTATOES WITH THE JACKETS ON. 

Place in camp-kettle and pour on boiling water. 
Boil slowly until you can stick a fork through 



CAMP cooks:ry. 127 

them with ease. Peel while hot, mash into a 
paste, season with butter, pepper, and salt, or 
with milk or cream, and eat hot. 

SARATOGA CHIPS. 

Have a spider half -full of boiling lard; peel and 
cut the potatoes as thin as a wafer, and drop into 
the boiling lard. As soon as they begin to turn 
a light brown, take them out with a skimmer and 
place on a dish; season with salt and pepper, and 
serve hot. 

STEWED POTATOES. 

Cut into thick slices, stew in frying-pan, with 
enough water to cover them, and add two thin 
slices of breakfast bacon; cover with a tin plate, 
and cook until potatoes are soft and nearly dry, 
but stir frequently, to prevent burning or stick- 
ing to the bottom of pan; then pour in a half -pint 
of sweet milk, and stew again until tlie milk 
thickens. Add salt and pepper. They are good 
without the milk, but better with it. A raw 
onion or two cut into the stewing potatoes gives 
a flavor that a hungry hunter always enjoys. 

0NI0K8. 

Onions eaten raw, or fried in just enough lard 
to keep from burning, are nice for breakfast, and 
will keep off malaria. 

BAKED BEA]S"S. 

Boil the beans for a long time over a brisk bed 
of coals, or until they are perfectly soft, and 
settled at the bottom of the vessel. Pour off the 
water, and let them dry in the vessel by placing 



128 CAMPIN^G AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

on hot ashes or coals for a few minutes. When 
perfectly dry, or rather when the water has evaj)- 
orated, mash into a fine paste, season with jDepper 
and salt, and place in a conical or round shape 
on a tin plate. Lay two thin slices of break- 
fast bacon on top, place in Dutch oven, with lid 
on, and bake until the bacon is done or to a 
light crust of brown. Have live coals of fire on 
top of lid. You will then have "Boston Baked 
Beans ' ' that are good. 

RICE. 

Remember that rice swells very much in boiling, 
and that a teacux)f ul makes a large dish when 
cooked. Place in camp-kettle, and cover the rice 
with about two inches of water; boil slowly, or 
rather simmer, until it is tender, then by a grad- 
ually slowing heat let the water evaporate, thus 
leaving the grains swollen and dry. Eat with 
pepper, salt, and butter, or with sugar, cream, and 
grated nutmeg. If any is left over, fry like 
mush for breakfast, or make rice-cakes, with flour 
and eggs. If 3^ou fry for breakfast, mix a little 
flour with it to keej:) it from crumbling while 
frying. 

DRIED FRUIT. 

stew in a pipkin or double saucepan. Pour in 
a little more than enough water to cover the fruit, 
and gently simmer until soft; then season with 
sugar and spices. 

OATMEAL. 

Boil same as dried fruit, until it is thick and per- 
fectly done. Eat with pepper, butter, and salt, or 



CAMP COOKERY. 129 

with sugar, cream or milk, and sprinkled with 
nutmeg or any other palatable spice. 

SOUP. 

Hang your camp-kettle oil two forked stakes 
driven in the ground, with a cross piece on top, out 
in the open air, and have a cover to keep out ashes 
and sand or dust that may be blown about by the 
wind. If you have any fresh lean meat, put in a 
small piece, after cutting off every particle of fat 
you can find. After breakfast, build a fire of logs 
under the kettle, and let the meat boil in an abun- 
dance of water for two hours or longer, or until 
the meat is almost ready to drop to pieces; then 
add Irish potatoes, onions, cabbage, and carrots, if 
you have them, all cut up, and simmer until the 
vegetables are done. While boiling, you must 
frequently skim from the top every particle of 
grease that arises, or you will ruin your stomachs. 
If the vegetables, when done, have thickened the 
soup sufficiently, well and good; add nothing 
more, but season with salt and pepper to your 
taste, and eat hot. If it is not thick enough, mix 
enough flour and water, in a tin cup, to the con- 
sistency of molasses, and pour slowly into the 
soup, stirring with a spoon as you pour. Let it 
boil for about three or four minutes longer, and it 
will be done. If the meat is not boiled to shreds, 
add more water for the next day's soup, and 
thicken as above, and it will be better than on the 
first day. Good soup may be made with bones, 
crushed with a hatchet and boiled for a long time, 
or with vegetables alone, thickened and seasoned! 



130 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

When you make soft-sliell turtle soui^, cut all of 
the tender rim of the shell into tiny pieces, and 
boil with the soup. The rim will become as ten- 
der as calf -foot jelly, and very palatable. Canned 
tomatoes make a nice soup. You can also make 
good soup with a j)air of smooth x)ebbles, if you 
only know how to season and thicken. A pod of 
red pepper adds greatly, if you don't put too much 
in and overheat it. 

A GOOD USE FOR STALE BREAD. 

Soak over night in milk or water, milk preferred. 
Beat with a si)oon to a soft batter, stir in a little 
grated cracker or flour to make it stick, stir in 
enough melted lard and salt, and fry in small 
cakes to a light brown. Eat hot, and with butter. 

"pate de foie gras." 
Should you be deer-hunting, take the milt of 
the deer, stick it full of holes with a hard- wood 
sprit whittled to a sharp point; then take pepper, 
salt, and flour mixed together, and rub well these 
holes. Fold up in a thick covering of wet paper, 
and dig a hole, of sufficient depth to receive it, in 
the ashes of your camp-fire. Place in, and cover 
up with hot ashes, coals, and dirt, and let it remain 
subject to the heat until morning. Eat hot, and 
with butter, and you will have a fair sample of the 
great Pate de foie gras; it i^par excellence. 

another. 
Save the livers of your game; boil until well 
done; take out and mash with your table-knife 
into a paste, throwing out the stringy parts; sea- 



CAMP COOKERY. 131 

son highly with butter, pepper, and salt, and set 
aside in a cup to settle. Eat cold with your small 
game, or spread on cold bread. 

WELSH RAREBIT. 

Toast several pieces of bread to a light brown; 
butter, and place on a dish. Melt your cheese in a 
skillet or frying-pan until it runs freely, and then 
thin the cheese by stirring in, briskly, enough of 
any good ale, brown stout, or even common beer, 
to reduce the mass to the consistency of molasses; 
add a little salt and pej^per, and pour over the 
toast on dish. Don't fear the night, for cheese aids 
digestion; and the charming and beautiful hostess 
of the Burnett House, Cincinnati, with many of 
her lady friends, have for years taken this as an 
after-theatre lunch, accompanied by fine ales or 
wine, and none have ever been harmed. 

A SUBSTITUTE FOR ASPARAGUS. 

Search the flower-corners for the young and 
tender sprouts of the poke-berry, as they p)op 
up, asparagus-like, in the spring. Cut off a little 
under the surface of the ground; scrape off gently 
the outer skin, tie in bundles, and boil till done. 
Serve hot, with salt, pepper, and butter. 

A SIMPLE DESSERT. 

Pour enough good Bourbon into a tin p>late or 
pan, break two fresh eggs into it, and s^Drinkle well 
all over with sugar. Set the whisky on fire, and 
let burn until the eggs are done. Scratch a little 
nutmeg over it, and eat hot. 

CRAW-FISH FOR LOBSTERS. 

While your men are seining for minnows, have 
them save you a bucket of craws. When ready 



132 cAMPma and camp outfits. 

to cook, tear off the extreme end of the tail, 
which will carry with it the little black string, or 
entrail; boil whole, with a pinch of salt thrown in. 
They will turn to a brown or reddish color when 
done. Peel, and eat as yon wonld a fresh lobster. 
Have in a sancer a little vinegar, salt, and pepper, 
and, as yon eat, dip into the dressing prepared. 

TO CLARIFY MUDDY WATER 

Sprinkle a pinch of pulverized alum over the 
water in the bucket, and the sediment will soon 
settle at the bottom. Then i)our off the clear 
water, and leave the sediment in the original 
bucket. 

MUSHROOMS. 

Whether camping in the spring or fall, keep a 
steady lookout for these delicious little funguses 
that Nature has scattered everywhere. Be sure 
you can tell the fall ones from other fungous 
growth that may be poisonous, and then go ahead. 
The cook-books say that a silver spoon or coin 
placed in the vessel, while stewing, will become 
of a lead color if there is any poisonous substance 
there, when, of course, they must be thrown 
away. The spring mushroom is of sugar-loaf 
shape, and brown in color, with pitted marks all 
over above the stems. They are just as savory as 
the others, and many like them better. For 
stewing, use cream or milk, seasoning with butter, 
pepper, and salt. For soup, use milk, and boil 
slowly for fifteen or twenty minutes. Crumble 
or crush fine the mushrooms and make soup thick 
or thin, as you choose, seasoning with pepper 



CAMP COOKERY. 133 

and salt. To fry them, use a very little lard in 
frying-pan; cook for about five or six minutes, 
and sprinkle on salt and pepper to taste. Wliile 
broiling, baste with butter, pepper, and salt. Eat 
hot. If served raw, season with vinegar, pepper, 
and salt. To scramble, break up fine and stir in 
beaten eggs. Stir all the time while cooking. 

FRIED MUSH. 

One of the most palatable dishes to be had in 
camp is made by boiling mush, in the evening, 
after supper, setting it away, allowing it to con- 
geal or harden, and then, for breakfast, frying in 
hot lard until brown on both sides. Cut slices, 
for frying, about as large as your hand and about 
one inch thick. Eat hot, with butter and salt. 



CHAPTER XYII. 

CAMP HYGIENE, MEDICINE, AND SUEGEEY. 

By Charles Gilbert Davis, M. D. 

' ' Now good digestion wait on appetite, 
And health on both." — Macbeth. 

Civilization lias made such raiDid progress during 
the last fifty years, within the boundaries of the 
United States and "the forest iDrimeval " has been 
so invaded by the foot of man, and the varieties of 
large game so encroached upon and driven into 
the mountain fastnesses, that hunting, as a pro- 
fession or as a means of livelihood, has become an 
uncertain quantity. But man, even v^ith his lux- 
urious environments of the nineteenth century, 
feels the returning imj^ulses of his barbarous 
ancestors, and longs once more to join in the chase, 
to capture, slay and devour. 

Whatever pangs of conscience may arise from 
these destructive tendencies, he quiets by the 
assurance that he does this for the benefit of his 
health, or for needed recreation; and we, who 
have so often yielded to these impulses, are will- 
ing to grant that his excuse is far from lacking 
the foundations of truth. 

There is probably no exercise or method of 
recreation more calculated to recuperate the nerv- 
ous energies, which have become jaded from 
worry and care, or a long-continued x)ressure of 
professional labor, than to lay aside all thought 

(135) 



136 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

of business, flee to the mountain wilds, to the 
quiet lake, to the salt sea, or to the babbling 
brook, and live with Nature; to cam 13 under the 
blue sky, to breathe the sweet, pure air of heaven; 
hunt and fish, as did our forefathers. 

Worry is the rust that corrodes the body and 
soul. Thousands and tens of thousands of men 
and women are dying from worry over the affairs 
connected with the every-day work of life. 
Thousands of cases of heart disease, brain trouble, 
nervous disorders, dyspejjsia, insomnia, and the 
breaking down of the various organs of the body, 
may be traced directly to the interminable grind- 
ing in this modern mill of business. 

To all such I Avould say, go away for awhile 
from your elegant homes, where you have been 
so long pampered in the lap of luxurious ease; go 
into the wilds, live in camj), forget your care by 
allowing the mind to indulge in new channels of 
thought, and your muscles and nerve-centers to 
become accustomed to new habits of exercise. 
When will the world arrive at that state of civili- 
zation when men will acknowledge, by their 
actions, that life is worth living? Why should 
we sacrifice the best and most precious years of 
our lives on the altar of Mammon 'i 

Life is worth li\^ing only when we are in a con- 
dition to enjoy it. We are in a condition to enjoy 
existence only when the body glows with health. 
We live, in reality, only when digestion is good, 
when the circulation is free, and when the blood, 
in healthful pulsations, goes bounding to the 
brain, awakening into activity all the nobler 



CAMP HYGIENE. 137 

impulses of mind and heart. It is in this condi- 
tion only that the spirit of man looks out smilingly 
on surrounding Nature, and, claiming kinship 
with his Maker, says : ' ' It is good to live. ' ' Then 
let us abandon care for at least two months in 
every year. Let us go into camp, live with 
Nature, and grow healthy. 

HOW TO DRESS IN" CAMP. 

When a lady prepares for a visit or journey, 
her first question is, usually, ' 'What shall I wear?' ' 
In starting on our cam]ping-trip, we find this 
question confronting us; and, indeed, it is a 
subject that should engage our earnest attention, 
for on a proper understanding of it depends 
much of the success, pleasure, and good health of 
the trip. Many a man, from city or village, join- 
ing a hunting expedition to the mountains or the 
wilderness, has found, when it was too late, that 
the pleasure and the profit of his outing was 
destroyed, owing to his ignorance in not properly 
providing himself beforehand with suitable 
garments. 

The great danger to novices in camjD is their 
tendency to contract colds during the first few 
days or weeks of their experience. To prevent 
this, the entire body should be well x3rotected 
with woolen under-garments. This suit may be 
quite light or very heavy, depending upon the 
season and the temjDerature of the locality. The 
entire difference between the winter and summer 
clothing of the hunter should be made in the 
underwear. In many of the outfitting stores. 



138 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

where hunters' goods are sold, will be found 
coats, pantaloons, and vests made out of substan- 
tial wool-lined ducking, wliich will prove to 
be very serviceable. During exceedingly cold 
weather, tli^se may be sufficiently large to admit 
of another suit of ordinary clothing being worn 
beneath them; but under most circumstances, 
when wool-lined and with flannel under-garments, 
they will prove of sufficient protection without 
the other suit. It is also well, for comfort, that 
the limbs should not be too much encumbered 
with unnecessary clothing. 

The color of the suit should be a nut-brown, as 
this will show less blood-stains and other evi- 
dences of wear, and is also less likely to frighten 
the game. 

Always wear a drab soft felt hat. This you 
may travel in, sleep in, fold and j)nt in your 
pocket, and even fold its brim and drink from it 
Avhile on the march, and, if it be of the proper 
material, it will still remain a good and respect- 
able hat. 

Besides the garments mentioned, every man 
should be x)rovided with a good water-proof coat, 
either of oil- cloth or rubber. What is known in 
the Far West as a " slicker ' ' will be found a most 
excellent form of this coat. When not required 
for use, it can be folded into a small roll and 
easily carried in a bundle strapped to the back of 
the saddle. 

WHAT SHALL WE EAT IN CAMP. 

Here, as in all other positions in life, we find 
this an important question. Good health depend s, 



CAMP HYGIENE. 139 

largely, upon what we eat, how and when we eat, 
and how we digest it. The same general laws 
which govern our selection of food at all times, 
should be allowed to govern us here. As a gen- 
eral rule, while camping out, taking more physical 
exercise and deeper inspirations of fresh air, we 
will find the appetite improved, and be surprised 
at an increased capacity to consume the good 
things of the table. This increase of appetite, we 
find, is often abused, and to such an extent that 
the digestive organs are overtaxed, and the result 
is "biliousness." 

One of the best remedies for this is, abstemi- 
ousness for several days, using little or no animal 
food. Man is an omnivorous animal, and under 
general conditions of health there should be a 
proper mingling of animal and vegetable food in 
his diet. Many hunting-parties go out, and while 
in the region of game depend almost entirely for 
food on what they kill. The result of this is often 
quite disastrous to many or all the members of 
the camp. I have seen an entire camj), of eight or 
ten hunters, all ill for some days at a time, some 
of them seriously, simply from indulging too 
freely in fresh game. 

Every camp should have in its larder, salt, 
pepper, sugar, baking-powder, lard, and corn- 
meal, also eggs and milk when they can be 
obtained. Owing to the improved methods of 
canning, all of the desirable fruits and vegetables 
can be carried into camp in this manner. We 
may now provide ourselves with pickles, corn, 
apricots, tomatoes, peas, beaiis, succotash, etc. 



140 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

In this list we may find sufficient to satisfy the 
most delicate taste. It is desirable, always, to have 
good bread. Many camp-cooks, while iDOSsessing 
much ability in the preparation of various savory 
dishes, are lacking, apparently, in the qualifica- 
tions necessary for the production of light and 
wholesome bread. This is owing, sometimes, to 
an absence of proper ingredients, and often to bad 
facilities for baking, but especially to ignorance 
as to the proper length of time in which to bake 
bread well done. 

Taking everything into consideration, corn- 
bread will often be found much more desirable 
than wheat-bread. It is much healthier for those 
engaged in muscular exercise, more easily digested, 
and more ajDt to be successfully prepared. 

An excellent recipe is the following : 

Corn-meal, one quart; salt, one teaspoonful; 
mix rajjidly with boiling water, and stir till it 
drops lightly from the spoon. This may be baked 
in an ordinary Dutch oven, or in thin cakes in a 
frying-pan. Eaten either warm or cold, it will be 
found by the tired and hungry hunter a sweet and 
palatable loaf. 

If wheat-bread is desired, it is better to use 
patent self-raising flour; this only requires to be 
mixed with water, and it makes most delicious 
bread and biscuit. We may also use the ]3atent 
self-raising buckwheat, and indulge in the luxury 
of buckwheat-cakes. 

Coffee and tea may be drank by the strong and 
healthy according to their usual custom ; but if 
you are camping out for your health, if you are 



CAMP HYGIENE. 141 

suffering from indigestion, liver, heart, kidney, 
or nervous trouble, and if you want long nights 
of refreshing sleep without a dream, drink with 
your meals hot water. This promotes digestion, 
stimulates the circulation, and does not obstruct 
any of the functions of the body. 

The habit of indulging in alcoholic beverages, 
such as wine, beer, whisky, ale, and gin, while 
recreating in search of health, is ludicrous to one 
who understands the physiological action of alco- 
hol on the human system. 

Many a man has gone on his vacation, fishing 
or hunting, and returned at the end of the sea- 
son more depressed than when he started, owing 
to the ill-health produced by what he has drank. 

If you have been in the habit of drinking previ- 
ously, abandon it while in camp; notice the won- 
derful imi^rovement in your condition, and you 
will be tempted to remain a teetotaler as long as 
you live. If you have never drank before, then 
why seek to injure your health while you are pre- 
tending to improve it? 

Alcohol is a poison. It lessens your ability to 
endure the fatigue of the march; it diminishes 
your capacity to withstand the cold; it causes you 
to succumb sooner to the heat of summer; it con- 
gests the stomach, obstructs the liver, and retards 
all of the functions of the body. If you wish to 
be healthy, have buoyant spirts and a clear con- 
science, do not drink alcohol in any form. 

LABOR AND EEST. 

As nearly as possible, regular habits of eating, 
sleeping, and exercise should be observed. Break- 



142 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

fast should be taken not later than 7 o'clock. 
Every camp should be well discii^lined, and there 
should be always a well-understood line of duty 
marked out for each man. In this way, the 
duties of camp can be rapidly disposed of, and the 
willing members will not be imx)osed uj)on by the 
sluggards. 

There should be but one cook, and he may have 
an assistant, but not more than one, for "too 
many cooks spoil the broth." It should be the 
duty of these to j)repare the meals and remove the 
spread. One man should have complete charge of 
the horses, to see that they are well fed and groomed ; 
another member of the party should look to the 
bedding, and still another may attend to the put- 
ting up and taking down of the beds, and other 
minor camp duties. By following these rules, in 
a few minutes after breakfast is over we are ready 
for the march, or for the hunting or fishing expedi- 
tion, as the case may demand. 

If the hunting or fishing trip is to lead us far 
away from camp, and we are likely to be detained 
the greater part of the day, then, by all means, 
lunch must be prejjared and taken with us. Too 
much can not be said against a long day's hunt 
without food from morning until night. Lunch 
should be eaten at 1 o'clock, and there should be 
an hour' s rest. Blankets or "slickers" may be 
thrown upon the ground, so that we may lie at 
ease; and the horses must be fed, and picketed on 
the grass. 

We return to camp, and the cook invites us to 
supper at 7 o'clock, and by 8 we are ready to 



CAMP HYGIENE. 143 

join the circle, dear to every hunter's heart, that 
gathers around the evening canii)-fire. Here we 
listen to the bear story, the Indian tale, recount 
the adventures of the day, and plan for greater 
deeds to be performed on the morrow. But a 
better thing than this is, to go to bed, to sleep, 
and ' ' knit up the raveled sleeve of care. " ' ' Balmy 
slumber, tired Nature's sweet restorer," it is sel- 
dom, in this hurrying age, that we get too much 
of it. 

SHELTER. 

In camp, we are supposed, a greater portion of 
the time, to enjoy all of the hygienic effects of 
out- door life; still, it is quite necessary that we 
provide ourselves with protection sufficient to 
shield us from sudden atmospheric changes and 
inclement weather. 

The common army tent is well adapted to this 
purpose, and may be sufficiently long to accommo- 
date two, four, or six men. 

In selecting a location to pitch the tent, when 
possible, an open space should be found, where 
there are no trees or bushes within a few rods. In 
the dense woods, beneath large trees, the ground 
is much more damp, and the atmosphere contains 
more moisture than it does in the parks or open 
spaces. A tent standing beneath a large iDine- 
tree will, in a few days, become saturated with 
moisture, and the bedding will show unpleasant 
symptoms of dampness and mould. Have the 
tent placed on dry ground, in an open space, and 
surrounded with a ditch four or five inches deep. 
The tent may be used to sleep in when the weather 



144 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

is stormy or very cold, but when the climate is 
mild, it is much better and healthier to sleep in 
the open air. The invalid may use the tent, but 
let the healthy man sleep beneath the star-lit 
dome of heaven. 

WHAT MEDICINE DO WE NEED. 

Man seldom wanders so far in search of health, 
or finds it in such abundance, but what he has 
occasion to turn to physic for relief from some 
real or imaginary ill. 

Every camp should be provided with a medi- 
cine-chest, containing such articles as are most 
likely to be required in the ailments of camp-life. 
This chest may be made 6 inches wide, 10 inches 
long, and 6 inches deej). It should contain the 
following articles, well labeled, and separated by 
corrugated i^aper to prevent breakage: 

No. 1. Anti-malarial pills. Each pill contains: 

Quinia, bisulpliate, 2 grains; 

Ferri Ferrocyanidi, 1 grain 100. 

No. 2. Fluid Extract of Gelsemium 1 ounce. 

No. 3. Compound cathartic pills (improved) 100. 

No. 4. Pond's Extract 8 ounces. 

No. 5. Vaseline (carholized) 2 ounces. 

No. 6. Roller bandages, 2-inch 6. 

No. 7. Small scissors 1 pair. 

No. 8. Surgeon's silk 1 skein. 

No. 9, Surgeon's needles 2. 

No. 10. Rubber adhesive plaster 4 yards. 

No. 11. Soap liniment 4 ounces. 

No. 12. Antipyrin pills (5 grains) 100. 

No. 13. R. Tinct. Opii. Camph. oz. iii. 

Spts. Ammo. Arom. , oz. 1. 

Magnesia (Husband's) oz. i. 

Aq. Menth. pap. q drs. iv. 
M. 

S. — Teaspoonf ul in water every three hours. 
No. 14. Lint 2 yards. 



CAMP HYGIENE. 145 

In many localities, particularly where there is 
an abundance of vegetation, malaria abounds, and 
it does not require much exj^osure to thoroughly 
saturate the systems of those who are not accli- 
mated. 

In this case, we may use the anti-malarial pill 
to great advantage, taking one pill every three 
hours for two days, then omitting for a day and 
resuming for two days, and so on until all the 
morbid symptoms have disappeared. 

With those not accustomed to camping out, 
colds are quite frequent. They may be accom- 
panied with sore throat, fullness in the head, 
cough, or soreness of various parts of the body. 
For all of these cases, a sovereign remedy is the 
fluid extract of Gelsemium, marked No. 2 in our 
list. 

Thirty drops of this may be added to half 
a glass of water, and a teaspoonf ul of the mixture 
may be taken every half -hour, or as often as the 
urgency of the case may require. This seldom 
fails to break up the most severe cold, if given 
early in the attack. It will also be found of 
great relief in those cases of severe sore throat, 
which so frequently attack those of feeble health, 
in high altitudes. I can not speak too highly in 
favor of this remedy in the treatment of rattle- 
snake bite. I speak from experience, in the obser- 
vation of a number of cases, when I say that it is 
the most satisfactory remedy known. It has been 
the custom, in former years, and is in many 
localities yet, ^to give whisky freely in those 
cases, but the relief is not so quick, or the recov- 

10 



146 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

ery so rapid, as when Gelsemium is given. We 
may administer it here in about double the dose 
we would for a cold, and apply the pure fluid 
extract, on a saturated piece of lint or linen, 
directly to the wound. I have also found it to 
yield satisfactory results in the treatment of 
stings of bees and other insects, and in poison 
from the ivy- vine. 

In cases of severe neuralgia, neuralgic headache, 
or toothache, three of the antipyrin pills must be 
taken. It is better to take them at the time of 
retiring, and the dose should not be repeated 
more than twice in twenty-four hours, unless 
directed by a physician. Kheumatic affections 
may be much benefited by rubbing well with the 
soap liniment two or three times a day, and 
keeping the parts well wrapped in warm flannel. 

For diarrhea, " dysentery, cholera-morbus, etc., 
use the prescription No. 13. 

For slight burns or contusions, apply well 
Pond's Extract. 

In the treatment of extensive lacerations, cuts, 
and other wounds, when the tissue is deeply 
affected, we will have to bring to bear both medi- 
cal and surgical methods. With a surgeon's 
needle and silk thread, stitches must be taken a 
quarter or half an inch apart, sufficiently deep to 
insure them not giving out, and the i^arts brought 
as nearly as possible into their normal position. 
Then a piece of lint, folded several thicknesses, 
and well saturated with Pond's Extract, should 
be applied over the wound, a piece of linen folded 
and laid over this, and the whole secured in its 



CAMP HYGIENE. 147 

place by a bandage, well applied. The wound 
may be redressed once every day. 

In gunshot wounds, clear the orifice of the 
wound, as well as i^ossible, of foreign substances, 
and then apply a compress, until such time as a 
surgeon can be consulted. Do not probe for the 
ball. If, in any case, there is severe hemorrhage, 
fold up a piece of lint or linen, an inch or two 
square, lay it directly on the point of bleeding, 
and then use a roller bandage, binding it firmly 
down on the part. 

When bones are broken, the fragments or 
broken ends should be replaced in their normal 
j)osition, as nearly as possible, and retained there 
by bandages and compresses. If the fracture is 
in the arm or leg, several narrow strips of board, 
well protected Avith some soft substance, like cot- 
ton or wool, should be placed around the limb, 
and then bound there with strips of adhesive 
plaster or the roller bandage. In the bones of 
the arm or forearm, serviceable splints may be 
secured from the boards of a cigar-box. When a 
bone becomes dislocated, or "thrown out of joint," 
it may generally be replaced by x^ulling ux)on the 
limb or affected member. This, however, is gen- 
erally a very painful operation, and may be much 
more easily and successfully performed while the 
X)atient is under the influence of an anaesthetic, 
like ether or chloroform. 

In all of these surgical cases, when the injury 
is at all severe, it is well to secure, if possible, the 
services of a surgeon. 



CHAPTER XYIII. 

THE DIAMOND HITCH; OR, HOW TO LOAD A PACK- 
HORSE.* 
By Frank F. Frisbie. 

The first thing necessary for packing is a pack- 
animal of some description. Whether it shall be 
a mule, burro, or horse, is a question which many 
must decide for themselves. The burro is a hardy, 
patient, tough little animal, and is much used in 
pack-trains where hard work is required; but if 
one rides horseback, it is a little too slow for 
ordinary use. 

There are ''mules and mules," and could one 
get just such an one as he would wish, it would 
be superior to the cayuse for packing; but as the 
chances are so few of getting the mule you want, 
I would advise you to let mules alone. We have 
now narrowed our choice down to the horse. To 
get a pack-horse is easy; to get a good one is 
another thing. You want a gentle horse, because 
in packing you have got to get about him in 
' 'promiscuous positions. ' ' You want a stout horse, 
and one of good size, so that he may pack a good 
load. He must not be too large, lest he may be 
clumsy and not as sure-footed as a smaller horse. 
The best horse for packing is one which would be 

* This article was first published in the American Field, and is 
reprinted here by kind permission of Dr. N. Rowe, Editor and 
Manager of that paper. 

(149) 



150 CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

called "chunky," that is, a short-legged, thick- 
set, round-bodied horse; not so young as to be 
"skittish," or so old as to be slow; say from six 
to nine years of age. 

Now comes the " outfit." First, a halter to tie 
or lead your "pack." A hackamore is much 
used, and easily made; but, for a starter, any good 
halter will do, either of leather, webbing, or rope, 
leather preferred, with a good, long rope stale or 
leading-rope, say twelve or fifteen feet of three- 
eighths roT3e. 



The next thing, in some cases, would be a blind; 
but I would advise anyone learning packing not 
to get a horse that needs to be blinded to be 
packed, until he is adept at packing. However, 
he may want to know Avliat a blind is. It is made 
of leather generally, though canvas would do. 
You hang your blind over your pack-horse's eyes, 
so he can not see, the loose strings being tied back 
of his ears. 

Now you want a sweat-cloth, made of gunny- 
sacking, or some such loose material, to put on 
your horse first; then one, two, or three blankets, 
according to thickness. Always have plenty of 
saddle-blankets, for it is easy to make a horse's 
back sore, but not so easy to cure it afterward. 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 



151 



There should be a square of canvas, about ten- 
ounce, or of carpet, say three feet six inches, to 
put on top of blankets, to keep the saddle from 
wearing them, and also to keep blankets as clean 
as possible, so they can be used for beddmg at 
night, thus avoiding having to carry so many 
extra blankets. 

Next comes the pack-saddle. There are two 
kinds. The one most in use for all ordinary work 




No. l._Saw-buck Pack-saddle and Harness. 



Cinche.] . 1^1 

is the "saw-buck." The aparejo is a saddle 
much used by professional packers for packing 
large loads. It is made of leather, in the shape 
of a rectangular bag. The sides of the bag are 
held apart by springy sticks, and the bag then 
stufled with hay. As our ordinary tourist is not 
apt to get hold of an aparejo, it is hardly worth 
while to give much space to an accurate descnp- 
tion of it What has been said would enable 
anyone to tell what one looked like. The every- 



152 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



day pack-saddle is the saw-buck (see No. 1), 
though any Western riding-saddle can be used to 
pack on, and an old tree makes a fair pack-sad- 
dle. The '^ saw-buck" is made of wood — two 
fiat pieces to fit on the horse's back, and cross- 
pieces bolted to them, crossing each other like the 
uprights of a saw-buck, hence the name. A good 
saw-buck pack-saddle should be wider at the back 




No. 2.— Alforquis, or side-pack. 

than front, and the boards should lie flatter, and 
conform to the shape of the horse's back. It is a 
good idea to line the boards with sheep-skin, wool 
side out. This prevents the saddle wearing the 
blankets. There should be breeching on the sad- 
dle to prevent it slipping forward, and a breast- 
band to prevent backward slipping. It should 
have a good broad hair or canvas cinche. A good 
pack-saddle complete can be bought in some parts 
of the West for $5. 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 153 

Now we want a pair of alforquis, or side-packs. 
It is more convenient to have these than it is to 
have to pack up a lot of small truck every day 
and make side-packs or bundles. You put your 
small articles in them, buckle them up, and sling 
them on, thus doing away with sling-ropes. The 
alforquis (pronounced al-f or-kis) is made of heavy 
canvas, corners bound with leather, and riveted 
with copj)er rivets, generally 18x12x20 inches in 
size; has straps to buckle the covers down, and 
others by which to hang it to saddle. (See No. 2. ) 
A good pair of alforquises can be bought for from 
$7 to $9, though one might make them a little 
cheaper; still, it is hardly worth while for one 
who don' t know just what he wants to try it. 

We now have our outfit, and the next thing is 
to utilize it. First we catch our horse, and then 
saddle him. We are careful to get the blankets 
on smoothly, and then lift them up with the hand 
into the crotch of the saddle, so the air may cir- 
culate over the horse's back. Into our alforquis 
we put our tea, sugar, condensed milk, and other 
articles, making them equal in weight, so they 
will balance when put on the horse. We then 
lift them up and hang one on each side, passing 
the straps over the horns of the saddle. On one 
side -pack we lay the ax, and then spread over the 
top our tent, which is folded the proper size. The 
jointed tent-poles are laid on the side opposite the 
ax. The large water-proof cover, made from 
either canvas or one of the black cloth covers 
used to protect horses from the weather, is folded 
to lay smoothly over this. 



154 



CAMPING A^B OAMP OUTFITS. 



After the pack-cover is on, we liave use for 
another part of the pack outfit, the lash roiDe. 
This is a rope from thirty to forty feet long, either 
one-half or five-eighths of an inch thick. This 
rope is fastened to the lash cinche, which is of 



^^ 




No. 3.— Lash Cinclie. 

canvas, from four to six inches wide and about 
thirty inches long. At one end the cinche has a 
large ring which the rope fastens in, either being- 
tied or spliced. At the other end is a hook, gen- 




No. 4.— Rope coiled ready for first throw. Lash cinche on the ground. 

erally made of wood, but which can be made of 
iron. If a saddle is bought complete, the lash 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 



155 



cinclie is part of the outfit. Cut No. 3 shows a 
lash cinche of ordinary make. The ends are of 




No. 5.— Position of rope after first throw, lash cinche drawn close to 

horse. 

leather, riveted on, and the hook is strengthened 
by an iron bolt through it, it being lashed on with 




No. 6.— The first throw made, ready for the second throw. 

leather thongs. The near-side packer, that is, the 
person on the side of the horse to his left when 
he stands facing the same way as the horse, takes 



156 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



the lash rope in liis right hand, neatly coiled up 
(see No. 4). The cinche he lays on the ground 
under the horse. When ready, he gives the coil 
of rope a throw toward the opposite side of the 



f^^ 




No. 



-Position of rope after second throw, on near side. The rope from 
cinche goes over the free rope. Top pack not shown. 

horse and to the rear. The rope then lies across 
the horse from the left shoulder to the right hip 



^oT^r 



No. 8.- 




-Rope after second throw, when ready to pass under standing rope 
from lash cinche. Near side. 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 



157 



(see No. 5). The off-side packer now grasps the 
rope, and pulls it rapidly toward him until he has 



74 




No. 9.— Rope passed under standing rope and round corner of pack on near 
side. Rope shown very slack and low down on pack, so as to be seen 
easily. Near side. 

slack enough, and taking the slack, he forms a 
loop of it, holding it in his right hand (see No. 6). 
He now throws this loop over to the near-side 




No. 10.— Off-side of pack, showing free end of rope passed through the 
standing ropes and thrown to rear side. 

man, who has in the meantime picked up the 



158 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



cinche from the ground. He catches the loop, 
and hooks it into the cinche-hook, drawing the 
cinche np to the horse' s belly. 

'No. 7 shows how rope should look after this is 
done. The off-side man now takes rope on his 
side and throws it back, as shown in No. 8, passing 
it under the standing rope and under the corn- 
ers of the pack, as in No. 9. The near-side man 




No. 11.— Oflf side of pack, showing free end of rope through standing rope 
and round the corners of pack; shown very loose and low down. 

has now picked up the end of the rope and 
passed it through the standing ropes. (See 
No. 10.) He then pulls the rope to him to make 
a loop, which he passes about the front of 
the pack. (See No. 11.) The back loop (No. 
11) goes about the rear of side-x)ack. Now we 
are ready for the pull. The oil -side j)acker grasps 
the rope coming from the hook, and pulls on it 
until he can not get any more slack and the 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 



159 



cinche is very tight. The near- side man takes up 
the slack that comes to him from the oft'-side, as 
shown in No. 12. When the near-side man has 




No. 12.— Showing right hand of near-side packer taking up slack on the first 
pull; ropes loose. 

all the slack, he puts the loop about front of pack, 
and going to rear, pulls on this same rope as 
shown in No. 13. The off-side man is at the same 




No. 13.— Showing position of near-side packer when making the second pull. 

time taking in the slack as in No. 14. He 
then imts his loop about rear of pack, and 
takes his place as in No. 15, pulling the rope 



160 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



toward the front. The near-side man takes in 
slack, and tightens the load as in No. 16. The 
diamond is now on, and all that remains to do 



<^^ 




No. 14.— Oflf-side packer taking up slack on second pull; ropes shown loose- 

is to fasten it. This can be done in different 
ways; much depends upon the length of rox)e 
left. If there is rope enough, the near-side man 




No. 15.— Oflf-side packer making third pull. 

passes the rope round the pack, following the 
other rope, and throws the loose end over to the 
off-side man; he continues to i)ass rope about 
pack, if long enough, but if not, he fastens the 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 161 

rope with a half-hitch either on the standing rope 
or on a part of the diamond that pulls in the 
other direction. If he has too much end to fasten 
on his side, he passes rope back to near-side man, 
who fastens rope in a like manner. Sizes of packs 
vary so often that no set rule can be given, but a 
person soon learns to fasten the rope most advan- 
tageously. Our pack is now on, and rope would 
look, if spread out on the ground, as in 'No. 17. 




No. 16.— Last pull, near side. 

Though our pack is on, our outfit is not, for we 
have our kitchen yet. 

In tliis instance that consists of: First, a bake- 
pan, one of the patent roasters which are sold for 
roasting meats. In this are laid two oval-shaped 
l>ans about eighteen inches long, one used for mak- 
ing bread, the other for a wash-basin. These pans 
nest, and in them are laid the tin plates. This 
stuff is put in the bottom of the sack, which 
will be described. Next comes the sheet-iron 
camp -kettle. In this are packed two smaller tin 
pails that nest, and the tin cups, the cover of 
11 



162 



CAMPING AND CAMP OUTFITS. 



the camp-kettle being tied on. Then the coffee- 
pot, with any little thing, as a can of condensed 
milk, or the soap wrapped up in the dish-towel, 
is put in alongside of the camp-kettle. Two 
frying-pans, nested, go in on toj) of the first pans. 




5Va■fVn^ClY< 



No. 17.— Bird's-eye view of the diamond from above 

pack. 



X, corners of the 

The bag which held the kitchen was made of 
strong sail-duck, about four feet long by three 
feet wide, and at the lower corners are straps 
and buckles, and about half-way to the mouth on 
each side another strax) and buckle. 



THE DIAMOND HiTCH. 



163 



When the things are all in, a small rope, 
about seven feet long, is tied as near the tin- 
ware and as tightly as possible. The sack is 
then lifted on top of the x)ack, and is generally 
nearly square in shaj)e. One end of the rope is 
carried to the ring-end of the cinche, and tied; the 
other to the hook, and tied. This fastens the 
sack crossways, and the four straps are buckled 
into the lash ro]3e in such a manner as to bind the 




No. 18.— Squaw-hitch. Pack-saddle and sling-rope in position. 

sack on tight. This is a much better way to pack 
tinware than to tie each piece on alone. 

In packing our horse we have not had to use 
the sling-rope, as we used our alforquls; but as 
there are times when one has to use a side-pack 
and a sling-rope, it may be as well to explain that 
method, and thus enable our tourist to be inde- 
pendent of his alforquis. The sling-rope is about 
thirty feet long, of quarter or half -inch rope. 
The easiest sling to put on, and one which does 



164 CAMPING* AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

fairly, is the " squaw-Mtch." The first, position 
of ropes is shown in No. 18. The sling-rope is 
doubled, and at the loop a half-hitch is made 
about the front cross-trees of saddle. A loop is 
then formed of each end of the rope and put over 
saddle so the bight will fall down on each side, 
the free end of rope on opposite side of saddle 
from its bight. The side-packs are then lifted up 
by the packers, and held high up on the horse, 
while with the other hand the bight is lifted and 
brought round the pack and over, hooking it over 




No. 19.— Squaw -hitch used for slinging side-pack on. 

the cross-trees. This leaves the packs supx)orted 
at each end by the rope. The free ends are then 
drawn down to middle of pack, and brought up 
and tied, as shown in No. 19. The side-packs 
should be of equal size and weight, and hang 
evenly on the horse. If they do not, they wall 
not ride well. 

The next hitch is the basket or web -foot hitch. 
In this the rope is passed around the middle of 
the sides of the packs and drawn tight, the free 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 



165 



end being brought to the middle and a half -turn 
taken about rope, as shown in No. 20. The most 
useful hitch is that known in Idaho as the Mor- 
mon hitch. This can be used either on a pack 
or riding saddle, and for a sling-hitch, or to hold 
some loads alone. It is the best hitch to put a 
deer on a riding- saddle with that the writer 
knows of. A sling-rope is needed, and it is 
doubled same as in the other hitches. The rope 
on each side is then carried down and the bight 




No. 20.— Basket or web-foot hitch for sUnging side-packs. 

passed under the cinche-ring and up through 
it. (See No. 21.) The load, if a bundle of blank- 
ets or such things, is put across the saddle 
lengthwise, and the bight brought over the out- 
side and the free end of rope pulled on till all is 
taut. The free end is then brought up over mid- 
dle of the iDacks, passed from the top down under 
the rope, running across, and then taken to horn 
or cross-trees of the saddle, and passed about that. 
Each free end should go round the horn in oppo- 
site directions (see No. 22), so they will tie. Each 



166 



CAMPINO AND CAMP OUTFITS., 



man now pulls hard on his rope, and then each 
takes a turn about the horn, tying the rope 
together. It will be seen that, as long as the rope 
don' t slip and cinche holds, the iDack will stick, 
and, as the pull is directly on the cinche, it serves 
to keep the saddle tight. In putting deer on with 
this hitch, the deer is slung lengthways across the 
horse. 



fl<xlf li'itcL^. 




No. 21.— Mormon hitch on riding-tree to pack deer or bundles. 

In giving these directions, the writer is aware 
that he may not give them just as someone else 
would; but there is only one "diamond hitch" 
that he has ever seen or heard of, and very little 
difference is to be found in the way of putting it 
on. It is the only way that ropes can be put on 
to hold a load successfully, and if a load is well 
packed, and the hitch once put on right, it is 
bound to stay all day. The ropes, of course, will 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 



167 



work loose, but the slack can be taken up without 
unpacking, and thus keej) everything in shape. 

To become a lirst-class packer, one must have 
experience; but anyone who is given to hunting 
or knocking about can learn to i3ack well enough 
for all practical jDurposes, and as each day passes 
some new "wrinkle" will be picked up. While 




No. 22— Mormon hitx;h, with pack on riding-tree. 

it is necessary to go West or to some other region 
where packing is done to become a packer, it is 
not necessary to go West or anywhere else to 
learn to throw the "diamond hitch," and if any 
reader has a desire to learn this accomplishment, 
and is at all handy about picking up things, he 
can do so in the following manner: Get a small 



168 CAMPIISTG AND CAMP OUTFITS. 

log, two feet long by eight inches in diameter, 
bore four holes in one side, so that four sticks put 
in them will make four legs that your log can 
stand on; or, in other words, make a horse of it. 
When your horse stands all right, bore four 
holes in the back, two eight inches from one end, 
the other two eight inches from those; bore these 
holes so that pegs put in them will cross each 
other like the letter X. This makes the cross- 
pieces of a saw-buck saddle. Get some rags or 
cloths, roll them up into a bundle eight or ten 
inches long by four inches in diameter, making 
three of these bundles. Get a piece of strong 
twine, say six feet long; this will do for a sling- 
rope in miniature. Now fasten your sling-rope 
on the cross-tree of the saddle, as described in 
regular packing, and take two of your bundles 
and put them on as side-packs. Lay the third 
bundle on top, for the top-pack. Get another 
strong piece of twine, say eight feet long, and on 
one end fasten a piece of leather one inch broad 
by six inches in length; this represents the lash 
cinche. At the end of the leather opposite the 
string fasten a very large hook (hook and eye). 
Now take your lash ' ' rope ' ' and put it on your 
make-believe horse, and pack exactly as shown 
in the description of the regular packing. If one 
is fond of x)uzzles, this will probably prove as 
good a one as he can find, and after he has solved 
it he will have the satisfaction of knowing that if 
he is West, and someone calls him a "tender- 
foot," he can refute it by simply saying, "I can 
throw the diamond hitch." 



THE DIAMOND HITCH. 169 

In throwing the diamond, as explained above, 
it is taken for granted that there are two packers, 
as there always should be; but sometimes one is 
caught alone, and has to do all the work himself. 
This he can do, if not easily, still without much 
trouble, x)roviding his horse is gentle. 



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SENJD FOR I>R,ICEJS, 



CRUISINGS IN THE CASCADES 

A NARRATIVE OF 

Travel, Exploration, Amateur Photography, Hunting 1 Fishing 

With Special Ciiapters on Hunting the 

Grizzly Bear, the Buffalo, Elk, Antelope, Rocky Mountain Goat, and Deer; also 

on Trouting la the Rocky MountainN; on a Montana Roundup ; 

Life among the Cowboys, Etc. 

BY G. O. SHIELI3S ("COQUINA"), 

Author of " RusTUNGS m the Rockies," " Hunting in the Great West " 

"The Battle op the Big Hole," Etc. 

12mo. 300 Pages. 75 Illustrations. Cloth, $2.00; Half Calf, $3.00. 

The learned writer, scientist and sportsman, Col. W. D. Pickett, better 
known as " P.," says of this book : " The true lover of nature who delights 
to occasionally escape from the annoyances and worriments inseparable 
from so-called civilized life, and to Avander amid scenes that tell only of the 
infinite power, the beneficence, and the grandeur of the Great Ruler ; who 
delights to worship in the grandest of all His temples— the mountains ; who 
realizes and feels His presence on every mountain peak, in every dark 
canyon, in every rushing wind, in every gentle zephyr, and who, amid such 
scenes, above all realizes his own weakness and littleness; he it is who will 
take pleasure in following the author amid some of the grandest and most 
beautiful scenery on this continent." 

Mr. T. S. Van Dyke, author of "The Still Hunter," and other popular 
books, says: "It is one of the most entertaining books on field sports yet 
published. Mr. Shields always has something to say, and says it in a way 
that makes one see it. He is never dull, and there is an air of truth about 
his work that fully satisfies the reader." 

Mr. Orin Belknap, known and loved of all sportsmen by his familiar 
pseudonym of " Uncle Fuller," says: " The author of this work has placed 
the sportsmen of America under lasting obligations by his pleasing descrip- 
tions of his adventures in the wilds of these little-known mountains." 

"In all that pertains to exploration, the wild journeys into wild places, 
the dangerous ascent of rugged peaks and no less perilous descent into 
obscure valleys, hitherto untrodden by the foot of man, the lungs expanded 
with deep breaths of untainted air, the blood bounding with sudden pros- 
pects and unexpected discoveries, the keen feeling of full and abundant life 
and the nearness of the great heart of nature— in all this the author wins, 
and deserves to win, the hearty sympathy of readers of every cast of 
thought, opinion and condition.'"— Belford's Magazine. 

Says W, B. Leffingwell, the gifted author of " Wild Fowl Shooting," and 
of "Shooting on Upland, Field, and Marsh : " "I have rareJv encountered, 
anywhere, such vivid descriptions of life in the mountains as are found in 
' Crusings in the Cascades.' " 

" Men who enjoy jaunts into the woods in search of big game will find 
this book extremely interesting."— iVew; York Herald. 

" ' Cruisings in the Cascades ' is by far the best thing Coquina has ever 
written."— America/j Field. 

" It is a handsomely printed and finely illustrated volume, made up of 
spirited sketches of travels, explorations, hunting and fishing. It is charm- 
ingly interesting. The author mingles solid facts of great value with 
accounts of his wild adventures, and tells the story with an ofif-hand style 
that banishes sleep from tired eyes."— C//ic ago Inter-Ocean. 

" 'Cruisings in the Cascades' is Mr. Shields' latest, and, we think, best 
publication. It will be heartily appreciated by American sportsmen."— 
Shouting and Fishing. 

" The pages are breezy and the illustrations numerous and attractive, 
the camera having been freely used by the author in his travels."— Twi-/, 
Field and Farm. 

" Mr. Shields is not only a hunter, but an angler, and an amateur photo- 
grapher, and on his excursions in the mountains has made good use of his 
opportunities. As a narrative of adventure the book is entertaining, and as 
a record of sport it will delight many readers."— T/te Literary World. 

" It is sure to meet svith a large sale."— C/ricago Tribune. 

" It is by all odds the most fascinating book on big game hunting ever 
published."— T/ie Journalist. 

This book will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by 

RAND, McNALLY & CO., Publishers, 

CHICAGO. 



BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 

Hunting in the Great West. 

(Rustlings In the Rockies.) 

12nlo Cloth. Over 300 Pages, Illustrated. Price, 75 Cents. 



Tenth Edition Lately Issued. 



O-O-N-T-E-N-T-S. 



PART I. Rustlings in the Rockies. 

Part ii. In the Big Horn Mountains. 
PART Ml. ten Days in Montana. 

Part iv. The Gulf Coast of Florida. 
Part v. Miscellaneous. 



" Lovers of all kinds of sport will be charmed with these pages. The author 
tells the story of his various hunting experiences in such a genial, modest, pleasant 
manner that you are very sorry when the book comes to an end. You unconsciously 
catch the hunting fever, and feel like packing up rod and gun and starting away to 
the mountains. 

"For those whom stern fate confines to the boundaries of civilization— who lack 
the time necessary for interviewing the bear, the elk, and the antelope m their 
native homes, there is nothing better or more entertaining than a perusal of Mr. 
Shields' book. 

"If you can not rustle in the Rockies, you can read 'Rustlings in the Rockies,' 
which is the next best thing.'"— Bel for cVs Magazine. 

" It is one of the most thrillingly interesting works on field sports extant. There 
are many fine things in the book, but Mr. Shields' description of the death of the 
great elk is a masterpiece in its line, and stamps the author as a writer of rare narra- 
tive power."— r/ie Americo,n Field. 

"We have received a copy of Mr. Shields' book, 'Hunting in the Great West,' 
and confess to the reading of every word of it. We were sorry when we reached 
the last page, and hope this gifted writer will soon favor the world with other books 
on field sports."— T/ie American Angler. 

" An intensely interesting work. It should occupy a place in every sportsman's 
library."— Outing. 

" 'Hunting in the Great West' must prove both interesting and instructive to 
every lover of field sports."— C/i?cago Times. 

"It will occupy a prominent place in the literature of the chase."— iVeiw York 
Herald. 

"A thoroughly readable and enjoyable work."— C/u'cago Tribune. 

" It is a captivating volume on out-door sports and adventures. One of the good 
points of the author is his devotion to the cause of protecting game and fish by 
proper laws. * * * * The volume is highly entertaining, and is full of incidental 
infomiation. For hvmter and fisherman it constitutes a feast." — CtnctJinaii 
Commercial. 

The book will be mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price by 

RAND, McNALLY & CO., Publishers, 

CHICAGO. 



BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 



THE BATTLE OF THE BIG HOLE 

A History of Gen. Gibbon's Engagement with the 

Nez Perce Indians, in the Big Hole Basin, 

Montana, August 9, 1 877. 

12mo. 150 Pages, Profusely Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00. 



Read the following indorsment of the book from General Gibbon: 

Headquarters Department of the Columbia, 

Vancouver Barracks, W. T., August 11, 1889. 
Mr._G. O. Shields, Chicago, 111. 

1»EAR Sir: I was very much pleased with your account of the Big Hole 
fight, and I believe your statement of the facts are all correctly given. The 
book is well written and handsomely printed and bound. The likenesses 
are all good and easily recognizable. If I were to criticise your book at all, I 
should say that your comments on the story are somewhat too complimen- 
tary to myself. 

I thank you for piacing on record, in a permanent shape, such a satis- 
factory account of the battle. 

Very truly yours, John Gibbon. 

And this from Captain Coolidge: 

Camp Pilot Butte, Wyoming, March 17, 1889. 
Mb. G. O. Shields, Chicago, 111. 

Dear Sir: I have read with a great deal of interest and pleasure the 
manuscript of your book, entitled "The Battle of the Big Hole," and as a 
participant in the tragic affair it describes can cheerfully commend it to 
all who are interested in obtaining a true history of the Nez Perce campaign. 
It is a graphic and truthful account of the Big Hole fight, and of the events 
leading up to it, and must prove a most valuable contribution to the history 
of our Indian wars. 

I trust the book will meet with the generous reception it deserves. 
Yours truly, Chas. A. Coolidge. 

Capt. 7th U. S. Infty. 

"It is good to recall from time to time the gallant conduct of our sol- 
diers in the West, and Mr. Shields is to be thanked for refreshing people's 
memories in regard to this important event."— i>reu; York Times. 

"It is a graphic story of Indian warfare, and the author is to be thanked 
for the manner in which he has again brought to remembrance the story of 
a battle in which the brave and historic Seventh Infantry won a great 
renown. The book is a valuable addition to the history of the Gi-eat West." 
— Chicago Herald. 

"It Is an exciting history of Gen. Gibbon's engagement with the Nez 
Perce Indians. It is a well-told story, printed in large, clear type, with 
many portraits of the actors in the contest."— C/iicaoro Inter Ocean. 

"In the battle of the Big Hole, Mr. G. O. Shields (Coquina) gives an 
exceedingly interesting description of one of the most desperate fights in the 
history of our Indian wars. He gives his readers a very accurate idea of 
some of the hardships necessarily endured in such Western campaigns, and 
takes occasion to eulogize, in no faint terms, the American soldier in gen- 
eral, and GeneralJohn Gibbon in particular."— Journal of the Military Serv- 
ice Institution. 

This book -will be mailed , post-paid , on receipt of price by 

RAND, McNALLY & CO., Publishers, 

CHICAGO. 



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It is the Favorite Route to all points in the West and Northwest. 



For maps and guide books covering- pleasure or business trips 
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F. I. WHITNEY, Gen'l Pass'r and Ticket Agt. Great Northern Railway, 

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or agents of the Great Northern in any of the principal cities of the 
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General Manager, Gen'l Pass. Agent, 

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CALIFORNIA 



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by snow and extreme cold experienced on more northerly 
routes, and in the summer it is the pleasantest by reason 
of the fact that the solid roadway of the Santa Fe Route 
gives off little or no dust, and the time of the journey to 
Southern California is so much less than on other lines. 

The service in the Dining Cars and in the Dining Rooms 
along the Santa Fe Route is an added attraction, as on such 
a long journey a person desires properly prepared food, 
and it is assm'ed on this line. 

The scenes along the Santa Fe Route are the most 
diversified in the United States. Beginning at Chicago, the 
most modern of the cities of the world, it passes through 
Illinois, Iowa, Missom-i, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, 
and Arizona to CaUfornia. 

For those desiring to go to California, through Pueblo, 
Colorado Springs, and Denver, the Santa Fe Route is also 
the most desirable, as its own tracks extend from Chicago 
to all of those cities and connect in imion depots with 
trains of the Denver & Rio Grande and other lines west 
from the cities named. ,.. , . 

W. F. WHITE, JNO. J. BYRNIE, 

Pass'r Traffic Manager, Ass't Gen'l Pass'r Agent, 




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